Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the potential of work-based education (WBE) as a pathway for enhancing resilience among youth-at-risk for disengaging from school. For students who have experienced traditional academic school as an adverse context, the decision to pursue an alternative path to high school completion, for example WBE, can be interpreted as agentic. We propose that WBE may have the requisite features of an educational context that fosters resilience in at-risk youth. We used a multipleperspective case study method involving three young people in their final stages of secondary school. The students were the focal participants in each case. Each was interviewed and observed on multiple occasions. We interviewed teachers and workplace supervisors associated with each student for additional perspectives. Cases were analyzed individually, followed by cross-case analyses utilizing a resilience framework. Our study revealed evidence that for the three youth we studied, WBE had many elements that appear to enhance resilience in a way that academic programs did not. WBE kept these students engaged in the school context and contributed to the eventual successful completion of secondary school for all three. Choosing WBE as a pathway to secondary school completion can be an agentic act by at-risk youth to achieve graduation. Engagement in WBE also appears to enhance resilience. WBE may foster resilience in at-risk youth, who despite academic adversity, progress to completion. Graduation from secondary school is frequently identified as a positive outcome and a predictor of success in productive occupation and adult life .
Keywords
- Work-Based Education Search this journal for Work-Based Education (opens in a new tab)
- Secondary School Search this journal for Secondary School (opens in a new tab)
- Resilience Search this journal for Resilience (opens in a new tab)
- At-Risk Youth Search this journal for At-Risk Youth (opens in a new tab)
- Case Study Search this journal for Case Study (opens in a new tab)
References
- Billett, S. (2010). The relational interdependence between personal and social agency in learning and for working life. In M. Van Woerkom & R. Poell (Eds.). Workplace learning: Concepts, measurement, and application (11-25). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Bradley, R. H., Whiteside, L., Mundfrom, D. J., Casey, P. H., Kelleher, K. J. & Pope, S. K. (1994). Early indicators of resilience and their relation to experiences in the home environments of low birth weight, premature children living in poverty. Child Development, 65 (3), 346-360.
- Cardon, P. L. (2000). At-risk students and technology education: A qualitative study. Journal of Technology Studies, 26 (1), 49-57.
- Chin, P., Hutchinson, N. L., Versnel, J., & Munby, H. (2010). Principles for research on workplace learning: At the intersection of the individual and the context. In M. Van Woerkom & R. Poell (Eds.). Workplace learning: Concepts, measurement, and application (41-54). New York, NY: Routledge.
- DeLuca, C., Hutchinson, N. L., deLugt, J., Beyer, W., Thornton, A., Versnel, J., Chin, P. & Munby, H. (2010). Learning in the workplace: Fostering resilience in disengaged youth. WORK, 36, 305-319.
- Diamond, M. (2007). Vocational students’ engagement and career objectives: assessment of engagement processes in new vocational students. Unpublished dissertation completed at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
- Eisenhardt, K. M. (2002). Building theories from case study research. In A. M. Huberman, & M. B. Miles (Eds.), the qualitative researcher’s companion (5-35). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J. & Lynskey, M. T. (1994). The childhoods of multiple problem adolescents: A 15-year longitudinal study. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 35, 11231140.
- Ford, M. E. & Smith, P. R. (2007). Thriving with social purpose: An integrative approach to the development of optimal human functioning. Educational Psychologist, 42 , 153-171.
- Garmezy, N. (1991). Resilience and vulnerability to adverse developmental outcomes associated with poverty. American Behavioral Scientist, 34, 416-430.
- Hango, D. & de Broucker, P. (2007). Education-to-labour market pathways of Canadian youth: Findings from the youth in transition survey (81-595-MIE). Ottawa, Canada: Statistics Canada.
- Hutchinson, N. L., Versnel, J., Poth, C., Berg, D., deLugt, J., Dalton, C. J., Chin, P. & Munby, H. (2011). They want to come to school: Work-based education programs designed to prevent the social exclusion of two groups of vulnerable youth. WORK, 40 (2), 195-209.
- Masten, A. S. (1994). Resilience in individual development: Suppressed adaptation despite risk and adversity. In M.C. Wang & E.W. Gordon (Eds.), Educational resilience in innercity America: Challenges and prospects (3-25). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Matsuba, M. K., Elder, G. J., Petrucci, F. & Marleau, T. (2008). Employment training for at risk youth: A program evaluation focusing on changes in psychological well-being. Child & Youth Care Forum, 37 (1), 15-26.
- McMurray, I., Connolly, H., Preston-Shoot, M. & Wigley, V. (2008). Constructing resilience: Social workers’ understandings and practice. Health and Social Care in the Community, 16 (3), 299-309.
- Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Pintrich, P. R. (1994). Continuities and discontinuities: Future directions for research in educational psychology. Educational Psychologist, 29 , 137-148.
- Quintini, G., Martin, J. P. & Martin, S. (2007). The changing nature of the school-to-work transition process in OECD countries. Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor.
- Raffe, D. (2008). The concept of transition system. Journal of Education and Work, 21 , 277-296.
- Rutter, M. (1993). Resilience: Some conceptual considerations. Journal of Adolescent Health, 14, 626-631.
- Simons, H. (2009). Case study research in practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage .
- Stake, R. E. (2000). Case studies. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., 435-454). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Stasz, C. & Stern, D. (1998). Work-based learning for students in high schools and community colleges. Berkeley, CA: University of California, National Center for Research in Vocational Education.
- Taylor, A. (2007). Pathways for youth to the labour market: An overview of high school initiatives. Pathways to the Labour Market Series 3. Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Policy Research Networks.
- Ungar, M. (2005a). Pathways to resilience among children in child welfare, corrections, mental health, and educational settings: Navigation and negotiation. Child and Youth Care Forum, 34 (6), 423-442.
- Ungar, M. (2005b). Resilience among children in child welfare, corrections, mental health and educational settings: Recommendations for service. Child and Youth Care Forum, 34 (6), 445-464.
- Ungar, M., Brown, M., Liebenberg, L., Cheung, M. & Levine, K. (2008). Distinguishing differences in pathways to resilience among Canadian youth. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 27( 1), 1-13.
- Ungar, M. (2009). Research update – results from Phase One. Pathways to resilience project. Halifax, NS: Author.
- Versnel, J., DeLuca, C., Hill, A., Hutchinson, N. L. & Chin, P. (2011). International and national factors affecting school-to-work transition for at risk youth in Canada: An integrative review. Canadian Journal of Career Development, 10 (1), 21-31.
- Wexler, L. M., DiFluvio, G., & Burke, T. K. (2009). Resilience and marginalized youth: Making a case for personal and collective meaning making as part of resilience research in public health. Social Science & Medicine, 69, 565-570.
Downloads
No downloads have been recorded for this article yet. Figures appear here once readers begin downloading the full text.
How to Cite
Share this article
License
Copyright (c) 2011 Joan Versnel, Christopher DeLuca, Jennifer de Lugt, Nancy L. Hutchinson, Peter Chin (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Author (s) should affirm that the material has not been published previously. It has not been submitted and it is not under consideration by any other journal. At the same time author (s) need to execute a publication permission agreement to assume the responsibility of the submitted content and any omissions and errors therein. After submission of revised paper in the light of suggestions of the reviewers, the editorial team edits and formats manuscripts to bring uniformity and standardization in published material.
This work will be licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) and under condition of the license, users are free to read, copy, remix, transform, redistribute, download, print, search or link to the full texts of articles and even build upon their work as long as they credit the author for the original work. Moreover, as per journal policy author (s) hold and retain copyrights without any restrictions.
Keywords
- Work-Based Education Search this journal for Work-Based Education (opens in a new tab)
- Secondary School Search this journal for Secondary School (opens in a new tab)
- Resilience Search this journal for Resilience (opens in a new tab)
- At-Risk Youth Search this journal for At-Risk Youth (opens in a new tab)
- Case Study Search this journal for Case Study (opens in a new tab)
Section
Published
Submissions
Have research to publish? Journal of Education and Vocational Research welcomes submissions.
Make a Submission