Abstract
Amid pandemic outbreaks, many jobs that were once thought to be safe are now considered potentially harmful since the virus can be easily spread from one person to another. Albeit vaccination program, the fear of infections at the workplace is still alarming as getting vaccinated is a voluntary act and the virus keeps evolving from time to time. As everyone must keep their working life at risk since social distancing and wearing face masks are no longer being forcefully practiced, people are taking safety precautions into their own hands, leading to changes in ostracized behavior in the workplace. Following the Theory of Protection Motivation, this paper made attempts to conceptually model workplace ostracism to understand why some workforces are changing their behavior towards ostracism during a pandemic outbreak. Towards the end, the findings from this study are expected to contribute towards achieving mentally stable workforces and sustainable human resources.
Keywords
References
- Ahmed, I., Ahmad, M., Rodrigues, J. J. P. C., Jeon, G. & Din, S. (2021). A deep learning-based social distance monitoring framework for COVID-19. Sustainable Cities and Society, 65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102571 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102571
- Ali, M., Usman, M., Pham, N. T., Agyemang-Mintah, P. & Akhtar, N. (2020). Being ignored at work: Understanding how and when spiritual leadership curbs workplace ostracism in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102696 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102696
- Anasori, E., Bayighomog, S. W., de Vita, G. & Altinay, L. (2021). The mediating role of psychological distress between ostracism, work engagement, and turnover intentions: An analysis in the Cypriot hospitality context. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102829 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102829
- Ariza-Montes, A., Mahmood, F., Han, H. & Saleem, M. (2022). The mental well-being of healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 64(5), 429–442. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000002470 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000002470
- Azizi, M. R., Atlasi, R., Ziapour, A., Abbas, J. & Naemi, R. (2021). Innovative human resource management strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic narrative review approach. Heliyon, 7(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07233 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07233
- Barua, B. & Barua, S. (2021). COVID-19 implications for banks: evidence from an emerging economy. SN Business & Economics, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43546-020-00013-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43546-020-00013-w
- Bavel, J. J. V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N., Drury, J., Dube, O., Ellemers, N., Finkel, E. J., Fowler, J. H., Gelfand, M., Han, S., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J. & Willer, R. (2020). Using social and behavioral science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. In Nature Human Behaviour, 4(5), 460–471. Nature Research. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z
- Bazzoli, A. & Probst, T. M. (2022). COVID-19 moral disengagement and prevention behaviors: The impact of perceived workplace COVID-19 safety climate and employee job insecurity. Safety Science, 150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105703 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105703
- Carnevale, J. B. & Hatak, I. (2020). Employee adjustment and well-being in the era of COVID-19: Implications for human resource management. Journal of Business Research, 116, 183–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.037
- Chen, R. P., Wan, E. W. & Levy, E. (2022). Does social exclusion lead to a decrease in green consumption? The roles of loss of control and unwillingness to sacrifice. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-03-2022-0248 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-03-2022-0248
- Chi, S. C. S. & Liang, S. G. (2013). When do subordinates’ emotion-regulation strategies matter? Abusive supervision, subordinates’ emotional exhaustion, and work withdrawal. Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.08.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.08.006
- De Meulenaer, S., De Pelsmacker, P. & Dens, N. (2018). Power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and the effects of source credibility on health risk message compliance. Health Communication, 33(3), 291–298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.1266573
- DeFranco, A. & Morosan, C. (2017). Coping with the risk of internet connectivity in hotels: Perspectives from American consumers traveling internationally. Tourism Management, 61, 380–393. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.02.022
- Dennerlein, J. T., Williams, J. A. R., Peters, S. E., Chan, H. T. H., Wallace, L., Karapanos, M. & Sorensen, G. (2020). An integrative total worker health framework for keeping workers safe and healthy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Human Factors, 00(0), 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720820932699
- Eberhardt, J. & Ling, J. (2021). Predicting COVID-19 vaccination intention using protection motivation theory and conspiracy beliefs. Vaccine, 39(42), 6269–6275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.010
- Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D. & Williams, K. D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302(5643), 290–292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1089134
- Ferris, D. L., Brown, D. J., Berry, J. W. & Lian, H. (2008). The development and validation of the Workplace Ostracism Scale. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1348. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012743
- Fisher, J. J. (2015). The efficacy of the protection motivation theory in predicting cruise ship passengers’ intentions regarding norovirus disease incidence.
- Floyd, D. L., Prentice?Dunn, S. & Rogers, R. W. (2000). A meta?analysis of research on protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(2), 407–429. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02323.x
- Graupmann, V. & Pfundmair, M. (2023). When ostracism is mandated: COVID-19, social distancing, and psychological needs. The Journal of Social Psychology, 163(1), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2022.2026284 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2022.2026284
- Hales, A. H., Wood, N. R. & Williams, K. D. (2021). Navigating COVID-19: Insights from research on social ostracism. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 24(2), 306–310. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220981408 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220981408
- Harvey, M., Moeller, M., Kiessling, T. & Dabic, M. (2019). Ostracism in the workplace: ‘Being voted off the island.’ Organizational Dynamics, 48(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2018.08.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2018.08.006
- Kim, J., Yang, K., Min, J. & White, B. (2022). Hope, fear, and consumer behavioral change amid COVID?19: Application of protection motivation theory. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 46(2), 558–574. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12700
- KKMNOW. (2023, June 8). https://data.moh.gov.my/covid
- Lee, J. & Shrum, L. J. (2012). Conspicuous consumption versus charitable behavior in response to social exclusion: A differential needs explanation. Journal of Consumer Research, 39(3), 530–544. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/664039
- Lee, Y. (2022). What a dialogic internal communication fosters employees’ safety behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Relations Review, 48(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2022.102156 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2022.102156
- Lima, C. K. T., Carvalho, P. M. de M., Lima, I. de A. A. S., Nunes, J. V. A. de O., Saraiva, J. S., de Souza, R. I., da Silva, C. G. L. & Neto, M. L. R. (2020). The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). In Psychiatry Research, 287. Elsevier Ireland Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915
- Liu, H. & Xia, H. (2016). Workplace ostracism: A review and directions for future research. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 04(03), 197–201. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhrss.2016.43022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/jhrss.2016.43022
- Maner, J. K., DeWall, C. N., Baumeister, R. F. & Schaller, M. (2007). Does social exclusion motivate interpersonal reconnection? resolving the “porcupine problem.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(1), 42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.42
- Muneer, s., Tufail, M. S., Shabbir, R. & Sabir, H. M. (2017). Impact of Service Quality on Customer Loyalty in The Context of Islamic Banking in Pakistan. City University Research Journal, special issue AIC Malaysia, 292-308.
- Nezlek, J. B., Wesselmann, E. D., Wheeler, L. & Williams, K. D. (2015). Ostracism in everyday life: The effects of ostracism on those who ostracize. Journal of Social Psychology, 155(5), 432–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2015.1062351 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2015.1062351
- Nisar, Q. A., Haider, S., Ali, F., Naz, S. & Ryu, K. (2021). Depletion of psychological, financial, and social resources in the hospitality sector during the pandemic. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102794 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102794
- Norman, P., Boer, H., Seydel, E. R. & Mullan, B. (2015). Protection motivation theory. Predicting and Changing Health Behaviour: Research and Practice with Social Cognition Models, 3, 70–106.
- O’Donoghue, A., Dechen, T., Pavlova, W., Boals, M., Moussa, G., Madan, M., Thakkar, A. & DeFalco, F. J. (2020). Super-spreader businesses and risk of COVID transmission. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.24.20112110
- Ouwerkerk, J. W., Kerr, N. L., Gallucci, M. & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2005). Avoiding the social death penalty: Ostracism and cooperation in social dilemmas. The Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection, and Bullying, 321–332.
- Pasamehmetoglu, A., Guzzo, R. F. & Guchait, P. (2022). Workplace ostracism: Impact on social capital, organizational trust, and service recovery performance. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 50, 119–126. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.01.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.01.007
- Pawar, D. S., Yadav, A. K., Akolekar, N. & Velaga, N. R. (2020). Impact of physical distancing due to novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) on daily travel for work during transition to lockdown. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100203
- Pellegrini, V., De Cristofaro, V., Salvati, M., Giacomantonio, M. & Leone, L. (2021). Social exclusion and anti-immigration attitudes in Europe: The mediating role of interpersonal trust. Social Indicators Research, 155(2), 697–724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02618-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02618-6
- Piachaud, D., Bennett, F., Nazroo, J. & Popay, J. (2009). Report of task group 9: social inclusion and social mobility. Task Group Submission to the Marmot Review.
- Pilch, I., Wardawy, P. & Probierz, E. (2021). The predictors of adaptive and maladaptive coping behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: The Protection Motivation Theory and the Big Five personality traits. PLoS ONE, 16(October). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258606 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258606
- Richman, L. S., Martin, J. & Guadagno, J. (2016). Stigma-based rejection and the detection of signs of acceptance. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(1), 53–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550615598376
- Roger, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and Psychological Processes in Fear Appeals and Attitude Change. In Social Psychophysiology (pp. 153–176).
- Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. The Journal of Psychology, 91(1), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803
- Rothan, H. A. & Byrareddy, S. N. (2020). The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of Autoimmunity, 109, 102433. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433
- Sarwar, A., Abdullah, M. I., Imran, M. K. & Rafiq, N. (2022). How ostracism jeopardizes customers’ interests at restaurants: a study in the context of COVID-19. Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABES-12-2021-0215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JABES-12-2021-0215
- Shah, M. & Hashmi, M. S. (2019). Relationship between Organizational Culture and Knowledge Hiding in Software Industry: Mediating Role of Workplace Ostracism and Workplace Incivility. In Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 13(4).
- Shaheen, S., Zulfiqar, S., Ahmad, B. & Ahmad-ur-Rehman, M. (2022). Fear of COVID-19 and employee engagement: does emotional stability matter? International Journal of Emerging Markets. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-12-2020-1461 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-12-2020-1461
- Sharifirad, G., Yarmohammadi, P., Sharifabad, M. A. M. & Rahaei, Z. (2014). Determination of preventive behaviors for pandemic influenza A/H1N1 based on protection motivation theory among female high school students in Isfahan, Iran. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 3(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9531.127556
- Shaw, W. S., Main, C. J., Findley, P. A., Collie, A., Kristman, V. L. & Gross, D. P. (2020). Opening the Workplace After COVID-19: What Lessons Can be Learned from Return-to-Work Research? In Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 30(3), p299–302. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-020-09908-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-020-09908-9
- Silver, H. (2007). The process of social exclusion: the dynamics of an evolving concept. Chronic Poverty Research Centre Working Paper, 95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1087789
- Sinclair, R. R., Probst, T. M., Watson, G. P. & Bazzoli, A. (2021). Caught between Scylla and Charybdis: How economic stressors and occupational risk factors influence workers’ occupational health reactions to COVID?19. Applied Psychology, 70(1), 85–119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12301
- Su, D. N., Truong, T. M., Luu, T. T., Huynh, H. M. T. & O’Mahony, B. (2022). Career resilience of the tourism and hospitality workforce in the COVID-19: The protection motivation theory perspective. Tourism Management Perspectives, 44, 101039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2022.101039 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2022.101039
- Vu, T. V., Vo-Thanh, T., Nguyen, N. P., Nguyen, D. V. & Chi, H. (2022). The COVID-19 pandemic: Workplace safety management practices, job insecurity, and employees’ organizational citizenship behavior. Safety Science, 145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105527 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105527
- Vui-Yee, K. & Yen-Hwa, T. (2020). When does ostracism lead to turnover intention? The moderated mediation model of job stress and job autonomy. IIMB Management Review, 32(3), 238–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iimb.2019.10.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iimb.2019.10.007
- Wang, B., Liu, Y., Qian, J. & Parker, S. K. (2021). Achieving effective remote working during the COVID?19 pandemic: A work design perspective. Applied Psychology, 70(1), 16–59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12290
- Wesselmann, E. D., Ren, D. & Williams, K. D. (2015). Motivations for responses to ostracism. In Frontiers in Psychology, 6(40). Frontiers Media SA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00040
- Williams, K. D. (2007). Ostracism. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 58, 425–452. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641
- Williams, K. D. (2009). Ostracism: A temporal need?threat model. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 275–314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)00406-1
- Williams, K. D. & Nida, S. A. (2011). Ostracism: Consequences and coping. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(2), 71–75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411402480
- Williams, K. D. & Nida, S. A. (2022). Ostracism and social exclusion: Implications for separation, social isolation, and loss. In Current Opinion in Psychology, 47. Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101353 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101353
- Xia, B. L. (2008). The Psychological View on Social Exclusion. Advances in Psychological Science, 16(06), 981.
- Xing, Y. & Li, Y. (2022). How does workplace ostracism affect employee innovation behavior: An analysis of chain mediating effect. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.920914 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.920914
- Xu, E., Huang, X. & Robinson, S. L. (2017). When self-view is at stake: Responses to ostracism through the lens of self-verification theory. Journal of Management, 43(7), 2281–2302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314567779
- Yu, J., Park, J. & Hyun, S. S. (2021). Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on employees’ work stress, well-being, mental health, organizational citizenship behavior, and employee-customer identification. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 30(5), 529–548. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2021.1867283
- Yu, Y., Lau, M. M. C. & Lau, J. T. F. (2022). Application of the protection motivation theory to understand determinants of compliance with the measure of banning gathering size >4 in all public areas for controlling COVID-19 in a Hong Kong Chinese adult general population. PLoS ONE, 17(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268336 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268336
- Zhao, H., Peng, Z. & Sheard, G. (2013). Workplace ostracism and hospitality employees’ counterproductive work behaviors: The joint moderating effects of proactive personality and political skill. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 33, 219–227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.08.006
Downloads
Full-text downloads recorded for this article, by month.
No downloads have been recorded for this article yet. Figures appear here once readers begin downloading the full text.
How to Cite
Othman, N. A. F., Ahmad Izhan, F. F., Kaliani Sundram, V. P., Majid, M., Mat Din, S. Z., Abdul Munir, Z., & Mohamed Razali, M. Z. (2023). Modelling Workplace Ostracism among Workforces amid Pandemic Outbreaks. Information Management and Business Review, 15(4(SI)I), 86-93. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v15i4(SI)I.3579
Share this article
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Nor Azairiah Fatimah Othman, Farsha Farahana Ahmad Izhan, Veera Pandiyan Kaliani Sundram, Muhammad Majid, Syaidatul Zarina Mat Din, Zarina Abdul Munir, Murni Zarina Mohamed Razali (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Author (s) should affirm that the material has not been published previously. It has not been submitted and it is not under consideration by any other journal. At the same time author (s) need to execute a publication permission agreement to assume the responsibility of the submitted content and any omissions and errors therein. After submission of revised paper in the light of suggestions of the reviewers, the editorial team edits and formats manuscripts to bring uniformity and standardization in published material.
This work will be licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) and under condition of the license, users are free to read, copy, remix, transform, redistribute, download, print, search or link to the full texts of articles and even build upon their work as long as they credit the author for the original work. Moreover, as per journal policy author (s) hold and retain copyrights without any restrictions.
Keywords
Section
Research Paper
Published in
Vol. 15 No. 4(SI)I (2023)
Social Media Exposure, Fintech & Digital Consumer Engagement
View issue contents
Published
2023-11-13
Submissions
Have research to publish? Information Management and Business Review welcomes submissions.
Make a Submission