Abstract
According to the Insolvency Department of Malaysia, as of December 2023, 233,483 Malaysians are currently involved in bankruptcy cases due to their defaults on hire purchase loans, credit card loans, personal loans, housing loans, and business loans. This is indeed a critical issue because the growing number of personal bankruptcy cases will hurt the Malaysian economy as well as society. From an individual's economic perspective, bankruptcy minimizes their chances of getting a job. Apart from that, their accounts will be frozen, they will lose control of their properties and assets, and they will not be allowed to start any business or be a part of any company's Board of Directors. Bankrupts also will be rejected from any loan application. This paper examines this problem by developing a personal bankruptcy prediction model using the logistic regression technique. This paper defines "bankrupt" as terminated members who failed to settle their loans. The sample comprised 24,546 cases with 17% settled cases and 83% terminated cases. The data included a dependent variable, i.e., bankruptcy status (Y=1(bankrupt), Y=0(non-bankrupt)), and 12 predictors. Upon completion, this paper succeeds in coming out with a reliable personal bankruptcy prediction model and significant variables of personal bankruptcy. The findings of this paper are very beneficial and significant to creditors, banks, the Malaysia Department of Insolvency, potential borrowers, members of AKPK, and society in general in raising awareness of personal bankruptcy risks and such information may help them to take preventive measures in minimizing the number of personal bankruptcy cases.
Keywords
References
- Agarwal, S., Chomsisengphet, S., & Liu, C. (2011). Consumer bankruptcy and default: The role of individual social capital. Journal of Economic Psychology, 32(4), 632–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2010.11.007
- Akosa, J. S. (2017). Predictive accuracy : A misleading performance measure for highly imbalanced data classified negative. SAS Global Forum, 1–12. Retrieved from http://support.sas.com/resources/papers/proceedings17/0942-2017.pdf
- Azaizeh, S. Y. (2010). Essays on household demand for credit cards, bankruptcy and overspending, (Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (763225189). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezaccess.library.uitm.edu.my/docview/763225189?accountid=42518).
- Brown, I. (2014). Developing Credit Risk Models Using SAS Enterprise Miner and SAS/STAT. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc
- Brygała, M. (2022). Consumer bankruptcy prediction using balanced and imbalanced data. Risks, 10(2), 24.
- Brygała, M., & Korol, T. (2024). Personal bankruptcy prediction using machine learning techniques. Economics and Business Review, 10(2).
- Cohen, E. K. (2015). Definition of bankruptcy. In Wiley Encyclopaedia of Management (pp. 1–2). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118785317.weom080051
- Creswell, P. D. (2014). Personal bankruptcy and the health of families and children, (Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1612415829). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezaccess.library.uitm.edu.my/docview/1612415829?accountid=42518).
- Dawsey, A. E. (2014). Externalities among creditors and personal bankruptcy. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 6(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFEP-09-2013-0037
- Desai, C. A. (2016). Mortgage credit and bankruptcy chapter choice: a case of US counties. Managerial Finance, 42(7), 680–705. http://doi.org/10.1108/MF-05-2015-0155
- Eaw, H. C., Khong, K. W., Rajagopalan, U., & A Hamid, B. (2014). Causality of personal bankruptcy in Malaysia. Emerging Trends in Scientific Research, 363–367.
- Eaw, H. C., Rajagopalan, U., Hamid, B. A., Khong, K. W., & Ahmad, R. (2015). Psychographic factors : Does it influence personal bankruptcy In Malaysia ? Journal of Business and Economic Studies, 1(2), 72–78.
- Finlay, S. (2009). Are we modelling the right thing? The impact of incorrect problem specification in credit scoring. Expert Systems with Applications, 36(5), 9065–9071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2008.12.016
- Garrido, J., Nadeem, S., Riad, N., Delong, C., Rendak, N., & Rosha, A. (2020). Tackling private over-indebtedness in Asia : Economic and legal aspects. IMF Working Papers, WP/20/172(August), 1–36.
- Gross, D. B., & Souleles, N. S. (2002). An empirical analysis of Personal Bankruptcy and delinquency. The Review of Financial Studies, 15(1), 319–347.
- Hailpern, S. M., & Visintainer, P. F. (2003). Odds ratios and logistic regression : further examples of their use and interpretation. The Stata Journal, (3), 213–225.
- Hosmer Jr, D. W., Lemeshow, S., & Sturdivant, R. X. (2013). Introduction to the Logistic Regression Model. In Applied Logistic Regression (Vol. 398, pp. 1–6). John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from http://resource.heartonline.cn/20150528/1_3kOQSTg.pdf.
- Hospodka, J., Buben, O., Randáková, M., & Bokšová, J. (2015). Personal bankruptcy in the Capital City region and South Bohemian region in the Czech Republic. Procedia Economics and Finance, 25(182), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00711-X
- International Monetary Fund. (2017). Global Financial Stability Report 2017 - Chapter Two: Household Debt and Financial Stability (Issue October 2017). https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/GFSR/Issues/2017/09/27/global-financial-stability-report-october-2017
- Jullamon, K. (2012). Consumer bankruptcy in Thailand, (Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1562209086). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezaccess.library.uitm.edu.my/docview/1562209086?accountid=42518).
- Kambal, E., Osman, I., Taha, M., Mohammed, N., & Mohammed, S. (2013). Credit scoring using data mining techniques with particular reference to Sudanese banks. 2013 International Conference on Computing, Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ICCEEE), 378–383. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCEEE.2013.6633966
- Katsaragakis, S., Koukouvinos, C., Stylianou, S., Theodoraki, E.-M., & Theodoraki, E.-M. (2005). Comparison Of Statistical Tests In Logistic Regression: The Case of Hypernatremia. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 4(2), 514–521. https://doi.org/10.22237/jmasm/1130804100
- Khalid, M. A. (2011). Household wealth in Malaysia: Composition and inequality among ethnic groups. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 45(1), 71-80.
- Korol, T., & Fotiadis, A. (2022). Implementing artificial intelligence in forecasting the risk of personal bankruptcies in Poland and Taiwan. Oeconomia Copernicana, 13, 407-438.)
- Li, X.-L., & Zhong, Y. (2012). An overview of personal credit scoring: Techniques and future work. International Journal of Intelligence Science, 02(24), 182–190. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijis.2012.224024
- Malaysia Department of Insolvency, 2009 Annual Report. (2010). Bahagian Hal Ehwal Undang-Undang, Jabatan Perdana Menteri, Retrieved from http://www.bheuu.gov.my/portal/pdf
- Malaysia Department of Insolvency, 2010 Annual Report. (20111). Bahagian Hal Ehwal Undang-Undang, Jabatan Perdana Menteri, Retrieved from http://www.bheuu.gov.my/portal/pdf
- Malaysia Department of Insolvency, 2013 Annual Report. (2014). Bahagian Hal Ehwal Undang-Undang, Jabatan Perdana Menteri, Retrieved from http://www.bheuu.gov.my/portal/pdf
- Malaysia Department of Insolvency, 2014 Annual Report. (2015). Bahagian Hal Ehwal Undang-Undang, Jabatan Perdana Menteri, Retrieved from http://www.bheuu.gov.my/portal/pdf
- Malaysia Department of Insolvency, 2017 Annual Report. (2018). Bahagian Hal Ehwal Undang-Undang, Jabatan Perdana Menteri, Retrived from http://www.bheuu.gov.my/portal/pdf.
- Malaysia Department of Insolvency, 2018 Annual Report. (2019). Bahagian Hal Ehwal Undang-Undang, Jabatan Perdana Menteri, Retrived from http://www.bheuu.gov.my/portal/pdf.
- Malaysia Department of Insolvency, 2019 Annual Report. (2020). Bahagian Hal Ehwal Undang-Undang, Jabatan Perdana Menteri, Retrived from http://www.bheuu.gov.my/portal/pdf.
- Malaysia Department of Insolvency, 2020 Annual Report. (2021). Bahagian Hal Ehwal Undang-Undang, Jabatan Perdana Menteri, Retrived from http://www.bheuu.gov.my/portal/pdf.
- Malaysia Department of Insolvency, 2021 Annual Report. (2022). Bahagian Hal Ehwal Undang-Undang, Jabatan Perdana Menteri, Retrived from http://www.bheuu.gov./portal/pdf.
- Malaysia Department of Insolvency, 2022 Annual Report. (2023). Bahagian Hal Ehwal Undang-Undang, Jabatan Perdana Menteri, Retrived from http://www.bheuu.gov.my/portal/pdf.
- Malaysia Department of Insolvency, 2023 Annual Report. (2024). Bahagian Hal Ehwal Undang-Undang, Jabatan Perdana Menteri, Retrived from http://www.bheuu.gov.my/portal/pdf.
- Malaysia Department of Insolvency (MdI). (2020). Personal Bankruptcy. http://www.mdi.gov.my/index.php/about-us/core-business/core-business/personal-bankruptcy
- Othman, M. A., Abdul Rahim, H., & Sabri, M. F. (2015). Differences in financial information and financial status among Malaysian bankrupts. Proceedings of the Australasian Conference on Business and Social Sciences 2015, 525–531. Retrieved from https://www.aabss.org.au/system/files/published/000959-published-acbss-2015-sydney.pdf
- Paleologo, G., Elisseeff, A., & Antonini, G. (2010). Subagging for credit scoring models. European Journal of Operational Research, 201(2), 490–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2009.03.008
- Papana, A., & Spyridou, A. (2020). Bankruptcy prediction: the case of the Greek market. Forecasting, 2(4), 505-525.
- Rhee, E. (2001). Determinants of consumer bankruptcy: Evidence from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics(PSID) 1984-1995. Arbor Ciencia Pensamiento Y Cultura. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusbed.74839
- Sahiq, A. N. M. (2021). Towards Achieving Long-Term Debt Sustainability: A Systematic Review of the Key Determinants of Personal Bankruptcy. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 12(3), 1305-1317.
- Siddiqi, N. (2006). Credit Risk Scorecards : Developing and Implementing Intelligent Credit Scoring. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1, 1–210.
- Smiti, S., Soui, M., & Ghedira, K. (2024). Tri-XGBoost model improved by BLSmote-ENN: an interpretable semisupervised approach for addressing bankruptcy prediction. Knowledge and Information Systems, 1-38.
- Stavins, J. (2000). Credit card borrowing, delinquency, and personal bankruptcy. New England Economic Review, 2000(July), 15–30. Retrieved from http://www.bostonfed.org/economic/neer/neer2000/neer400b.pdf
- Wuensch, K. L. (2015). Logistic Regression With SAS, ( http://core.ecu.edu/psyc/wuenschk/MV/multReg/Logistic-SAS.pdf), 1–6.
- Yap, B. W., Rahman, H. A. A., He, H., Bulgiba, A., Salleh, S., Aris, N., … Lee, M. H. (2016). Handling imbalanced datasets using SVM and k-NN approach. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1750, 20023). AIP Publishing.
- Yap, B. W., Ong, S. H., & Husain, N. H. M. (2011). Using Data Mining to Improve Assessment of Credit Worthiness via Credit Scoring Models. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(10), 13274–13283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.04.147
- Zhu, N. (2011). Household consumption and personal bankruptcy. Journal of Legal Studies, 40(1), 1–37.
Downloads
No downloads have been recorded for this article yet. Figures appear here once readers begin downloading the full text.
How to Cite
Share this article
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Sharifah Heryati Syed Nor, Shafinar Ismail, Yap Bee Wah (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Author (s) should affirm that the material has not been published previously. It has not been submitted and it is not under consideration by any other journal. At the same time author (s) need to execute a publication permission agreement to assume the responsibility of the submitted content and any omissions and errors therein. After submission of revised paper in the light of suggestions of the reviewers, the editorial team edits and formats manuscripts to bring uniformity and standardization in published material.
This work will be licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) and under condition of the license, users are free to read, copy, remix, transform, redistribute, download, print, search or link to the full texts of articles and even build upon their work as long as they credit the author for the original work. Moreover, as per journal policy author (s) hold and retain copyrights without any restrictions.
Keywords
Section
Published in
Vol. 16 No. 3S(I)a (2024)
Supply Chain Resilience, Islamic Finance & Micro-Influence
View issue contents
Published
Submissions
Have research to publish? Information Management and Business Review welcomes submissions.
Make a Submission