Abstract
Social cohesion is an important policy issue with social, political and economic consequences in South Africa. Given the country’s diverse population comprised of different races, ethnicities and migrants from around the world, its history of violence and the persistent incidences of xenophobia, social cohesion has become a prominent issue. The study foregoes discussing the challenges of achieving social cohesion to examine the nexus between social media and social cohesion promotion. Since lockdown was introduced in March 2020, social media has become a means for daily communication, bridging racial, ethnic, class and geographical boundaries. Against this background, this study explored the impact of social media on social cohesion in South Africa? The main objective was to examine the role played by social media in fostering social cohesion. A systematic review of relevant academic literature and research reports on social media and social cohesion was adopted in gathering data. By examining the social media social cohesion nexus, an illustration of social media as an essential determinant of social cohesion can be delineated. Teasing out these aspects is vital in enriching the current literature on understanding social cohesion. The study found that social media has become an essential platform for nation-building, potentially bridging racial, ethnic, cultural, and geographical gaps in South African society. However, due to the threats of misinformation and insensitive use, social media can hamstring social cohesion and cause instability. The study recommends that social media be used appropriately and sensitively in strengthening interpersonal relationships that transcend race, culture, ethnicity, nationality, and religion.
Keywords
- Social-Media Search this journal for Social-Media (opens in a new tab)
- Social Cohesion Search this journal for Social Cohesion (opens in a new tab)
- South Africa Search this journal for South Africa (opens in a new tab)
- Public Sphere Search this journal for Public Sphere (opens in a new tab)
- Solidarity Search this journal for Solidarity (opens in a new tab)
References
- Adegoke, Y. (2018). The distraction of fake news and WhatsApp for the African media business, Quartz Africa. Available at: https://qz.com/africa/1474020/facebooks-whatsapp-fake-news-and-africas-media/ (Accessed: 29 June 2022).
- Bosch, T. (2020). Citizen surveillance and social media during South Africa’s lockdown, Corona Times. Available at: https://www.coronatimes.net/citizen-surveillance-social-media-south-africalockdown/ (Accessed: 29 June 2022).
- Budree, A., Fietkiewicz, K. & Lins, E. (2019). Investigating usage of social media platforms in South Africa, The African Journal of Information Systems, 11(4), 24.
- Burns, J. (2018). Defining Social Cohesion. SALDRU Working Paper 216. Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town. Available at: https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/ldrwpaper/216.htm (Accessed: 29 June 2022).
- Businesstech. (2021). The biggest and most popular social media platforms in South Africa, including TikTok. Businesstech, Available at: https://businesstech.co.za/news/internet/502583/the-biggest-andmost-popular-social-media-platforms-in-south-africa-including-tiktok/ (Accessed: 29 June 2022).
- Chan, J., To, H. P. & Chan, E. (2006). Reconsidering Social Cohesion: Developing a Definition and Analytical Framework for Empirical Research, Social Indicators Research , 75(2), 273–302.
- Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. (1996). South African Government. Available at: https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996 (Accessed: 29 June 2022).
- Curran, J., Morley, D. & Walkerdine, V. (eds) (1996). Cultural studies and communications. London; New York: New York, NY: Arnold; Distributed exclusively in the USA by St. Martin’s Press.
- David, A. (2018). Social cohesion and inequality in South Africa. Working Paper, AFD Papiers de Recherche 2018-63.
- Dexter, P. (2004). Social cohesion and social justice in South Africa HSRC. 2946. Human Sciences Research Council HSRC. Available at: http://www.hsrc.ac.za/en/research-data/view/1893 (Accessed: 29 June 2022).
- Fischer, A. E. (2021). Changes in Perceptions and Use of Mobile Technology and Health Communication in South Africa During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Cross-sectional Survey Study, JMIR formative research , 5(5), 25273.
- Fonseca, X., Lukosch, S. & Brazier, F. (2019). Social cohesion revisited: a new definition and how to characterize it, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research , 32(2), 231–253.
- Gillwald, A. (1993). The Public Sphere, The Media and Democracy. Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa, 21, 65-77. https://muse.jhu.edu/
- Habermas, J. (1989). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Polity Press.
- IJR. (2019a). SA Reconciliation Barometer 2019, IJR. Available at: https://www.ijr.org.za/portfolio-items/sareconciliation-barometer-2019/ (Accessed: 29 June 2022).
- IJR. (2017b). Towards a Social Cohesion Index for South Africa using SARB data, IJR . Available at: https://www.ijr.org.za/portfolio-items/towards-a-social-cohesion-index-for-south-africa-usingsarb-data/ (Accessed: 29 June 2022).
- Jakubowicz, A. (2007). The media and social cohesion, in E. Dawson, J. Jupp, and J. Nieuwenhuysen (eds) Social Cohesion in Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 158–169. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511481574.015.
- Jeannotte, M. S. (2000). Social Cohesion Around the World: An International Comparison of Definitions.
- Jenson, J. (1998). Mapping social cohesion: the state of Canadian research. Ottawa: Canadian Policy Research Networks.
- Kemp, S. (2020). Digital 2020: South Africa, DataReportal – Global Digital Insights. Available at: https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-south-africa (Accessed: 29 June 2022).
- Kemp, S. (2021). Digital in South Africa: All the Statistics You Need in 2021 — DataReportal – Global Digital Insights. Available at: https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-south-africa (Accessed: 29 June 2022).
- Kiguwa, P. & Langa, M. (2015). Rethinking social cohesion and its relationship to exclusion’, Psychology in Society , (49), 1–6. Available at: https://doi.org/10.17159/2309-8708/2015/n49a1.
- Lama. (2020). [2020] Social media statistics and usage in South Africa, Talkwalker. Available at: https://www.talkwalker.com/blog/social-media-stats-south-africa (Accessed: 29 June 2022).
- Marlowe, J. M., Bartley, A. & Collins, F. (2017). Digital belongings: The intersections of social cohesion, connectivity and digital media, Ethnicities , 17(1), 85–102.
- Maxwell, J. (1996). Social Dimensions of Economic Growth. Department of Economics, University of Alberta.
- Media is key to social cohesion. (2018). SAnews. Available at: https://www.sanews.gov.za/southafrica/media-key-social-cohesion (Accessed: 29 June 2022).
- Meiring, T., Kannemeyer, C. & Potgieter, E. (2018). The gap between rich and poor: South African society’s biggest divide depends on where you think you fit in, SALDRU Working Papers. 220. Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town. Available at: https://ideas.repec.org/p/ldr/wpaper/220.html (Accessed: 29 June 2022).
- Njozela, L., Shaw, I. & Burns, J. (2021). Towards Measuring Social Cohesion in South Africa: Lessons for Nation Branding Developers, The Strategic Review for Southern Africa , 39(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.35293/srsa.v39i1.320.
- OECD. (2011). Perspectives on Global Development 2012: Social Cohesion in a Shifting World. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Available at: https://www.oecdilibrary.org/development/perspectives-on-global-development-2012_persp_glob_dev-2012-en (Accessed: 29 June 2022).
- Palmary, I. (2015). Reflections on social cohesion in contemporary South Africa, Psychology in Society , (49), 62–69. Available at: https://doi.org/10.17159/2309-8708/2015/n49a5.
- Patel, J. (2021a). Intensifying economic insecurity may threaten South Africa’s social cohesion - The Mail & Guardian. Available at: https://mg.co.za/opinion/2021-02-16-intensifying-economic-insecuritymay-threaten-south-africas-social-cohesion/ (Accessed: 29 June 2022).
- Patel, J. (2021b). Social Cohesion Hangs in the Balance as South Africans Feel Economically Insecure: Reflections from the South African Reconciliation Barometer, Africa Portal. Institute for Justice and Reconciliation (IJR). Available at: https://www.africaportal.org/publications/social-cohesion-hangsbalance-south-africans-feel-economically-insecure-reflections-south-african-reconciliationbarometer/ (Accessed: 29 June 2022).
- Schiefer, D. & van der Noll, J. (2017). The Essentials of Social Cohesion: A Literature Review, Social Indicators Research , 132(2), 579–603. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1314-5.
- South African Government. (2015). Minister Nathi Mthethwa: Social Cohesion Summit | South African Government. Available at: https://www.gov.za/speeches/minister-nathi-mthethwa-social-cohesionsummit-30-mar-2015-0000 (Accessed: 29 June 2022).
- Statistics South Africa. (2019). 2019 | Statistics South Africa’. Available at: https://www.statssa.gov.za/?m=2019 (Accessed: 29 June 2022).
- Statistics South Africa. (2021). ‘2021 | Statistics South Africa’. Available at: https://www.statssa.gov.za/?m=2021 (Accessed: 29 June 2022).
- Struwig, J. (2013). Towards a Social Cohesion Barometer for South Africa, in State of the Nation: South Africa. HSRC Press, 399–421.
- ‘The SA Social Media Landscape Report 2021 » Ornico Media Monitoring. (2021), 30 June. Available at: https://website.ornico.co.za/2021/06/30/the-social-media-landscape-report-2021/ (Accessed: 29 June 2022).
- TransUnion. (2021). One Year after COVID-19, TransUnion Research Shows Digital Fraud Attempts in South Africa Have Increased Exponentially, TransUnion. Available at: https://newsroom.transunion.co.za/one-year-after-covid-19-transunion-research-shows-digitalfraud-attempts-in-south-africa-have-increased-exponentially/ (Accessed: 29 June 2022).
- Trifonova, V. (2020). How Coronavirus Has Changed the Way We Use Social-Media, GWI. Available at: https://blog.gwi.com/chart-of-the-week/social-media-amid-the-outbreak/ (Accessed: 29 June 2022).
Downloads
No downloads have been recorded for this article yet. Figures appear here once readers begin downloading the full text.
How to Cite
Share this article
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Tawanda Matema, Paul Kariuki (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Author (s) should affirm that the material has not been published previously. It has not been submitted and it is not under consideration by any other journal. At the same time author (s) need to execute a publication permission agreement to assume the responsibility of the submitted content and any omissions and errors therein. After submission of revised paper in the light of suggestions of the reviewers, the editorial team edits and formats manuscripts to bring uniformity and standardization in published material.
This work will be licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) and under condition of the license, users are free to read, copy, remix, transform, redistribute, download, print, search or link to the full texts of articles and even build upon their work as long as they credit the author for the original work. Moreover, as per journal policy author (s) hold and retain copyrights without any restrictions.
Keywords
- Social-Media Search this journal for Social-Media (opens in a new tab)
- Social Cohesion Search this journal for Social Cohesion (opens in a new tab)
- South Africa Search this journal for South Africa (opens in a new tab)
- Public Sphere Search this journal for Public Sphere (opens in a new tab)
- Solidarity Search this journal for Solidarity (opens in a new tab)
Section
Published in
Vol. 14 No. 2(J) (2022)
Social Cohesion, Governance & Green Enterprise
View issue contents
Published
Submissions
Have research to publish? Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies welcomes submissions.
Make a Submission