Author

  • Nurnadhirah Zahari

    • Faculty of Hotel and Tourism Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam, Malaysia
    • Malaysia

  • Zulhan Othman

    • Faculty of Hotel and Tourism Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
    • Malaysia

  • Nor Adila Kedin

    • College of Computing, Informatics and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Shah Alam, Malaysia
    • Malaysia

  • Azdel Abdul Aziz

    • Faculty of Hotel and Tourism Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam, Malaysia
    • Malaysia

  • Mohd Faeez Saiful Bakhtiar

    • Faculty of Hotel and Tourism Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam, Malaysia
    • Malaysia

Abstract

Tipping is a prevalent phenomenon that is best understood as a result of various cultural norms and payment practices. The anticipation of receiving the tips is considered work motivation; it acts as a catalyst for employees to elevate their service delivery. While it may a common for others, tipping is not customary among Malaysians. This paper examined the interconnection between tipping, employee motivation, and service delivery performance within the 4 and 5-star hotels in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. Using a quantitative research approach, a total of 348 usable responses (collected among F&B employees) were retrieved for analysis. The findings revealed a significant positive relationship between all tested variables and employee motivation fully mediates the relationship between tipping practices and service delivery performance. The outcome from this study is hoped to provide valuable insights for academicians into consumer behavior and cultural practices, while offering the hotel industry strategies to improve the service delivery performance.

Keywords

References

  • Ann, S., & Blum, S. C. (2020). Motivating senior employees in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(1), 324–346. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-08-2018-0685
  • Awan, M. I., Shamim, A., & Ahn, J. (2020). Implementing ‘cleanliness is half of faith’ in re-designing tourists, experiences and salvaging the hotel industry in Malaysia during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 12(3), 543–557. https://doi.org/10.1108/jima-08-2020-0229
  • Azar, O. H. (2007). The Social Norm of Tipping: A Review. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(2), 380–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2007.00165.x
  • Azar, O. H. (2020). The Economics of Tipping. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 34(2), 215–236. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.34.2.215
  • Bagozzi, R. P., Belanche, D., Casaló, L. V., & Flavián, C. (2016). The Role of Anticipated Emotions in Purchase Intentions. Psychology &Amp; Marketing, 33(8), 629–645. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20905
  • Bakhtiar, M. F. S., Radzi, Sumarjan, S. M. N., Aziz, A. A., & Kedin, N. A. (2021). Perception of Operational Employees towards HPWS Implementation at High-End Hotels in Kuala Lumpur. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(13), 375–393. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i13/8555
  • Ball, H. L. (2019). Conducting Online Surveys. Journal of Human Lactation, 35(3), 413–417. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334419848734
  • Bonett, D. G., & Wright, T. A. (2014). Cronbach’s alpha reliability: Interval estimation, hypothesis testing, and sample size planning. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1960
  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
  • Baum, T. (2019). Does the hospitality industry need or deserve talent? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(10), 3823–3837. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-10-2018-080
  • Bove, L. L., Pervan, S. J., Beatty, S. E., & Shiu, E. (2009). Service worker role in encouraging customer organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Business Research, 62(7), 698–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.07.003
  • Bulmer, M. G. (1979). Principles of statistics. Courier Corporation.
  • Cain, L., & Berezina, K. (2021). Robo-Tipping: Are Customers Game? Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2021, 222–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65785-7_20
  • Chandar, B., Gneezy, U., List, J. A., & Muir, I. (2019). The Drivers of Social Preferences: Evidence from a Nationwide Tipping Field Experiment. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3473381
  • Cialdani, R. B., & Trost, M. R. (1998). SOCIAL INFLUENCE: SOCIAL NORMS. CONFORMITY, AND COMPLIANCE. Interpersonal Phenomena, 5(21), 151–193.
  • Clotildah, K., Charity, M., Felistas, C., & Tatenda, M. (2014). The perceptions of employees towards tipping and motivation in the hotel industry. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 3(1), 1–12.
  • Curtis, C. R., Upchurch, R. S., & Severt, D. E. (2009). Employee Motivation and Organizational Commitment: A Comparison of Tipped and Nontipped Restaurant Employees. International Journal of Hospitality &Amp; Tourism Administration, 10(3), 253–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480903088469
  • Diefendorff, J. M., & Seaton, G. A. (2015). Work Motivation. International Encyclopedia of the Social &Amp; Behavioral Sciences, 680–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.22036-9
  • Doody, O., & Doody, C. M. (2015). Conducting a pilot study: case study of a novice researcher. British Journal of Nursing, 24(21), 1074–1078. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2015.24.21.1074
  • Dorta-Afonso, D., González-de-la-Rosa, M., García-Rodríguez, F., & Romero-Domínguez, L. (2021). Effects of High-Performance Work Systems (HPWS) on Hospitality Employees’ Outcomes through Their Organizational Commitment, Motivation, and Job Satisfaction. Sustainability, 13(6), 3226. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063226
  • Dyussembayeva, S., Viglia, G., Nieto-Garcia, M., & Mattila, A. S. (2022). Would you like to add a gratuity? When explicit requests hamper tipping. Journal of Business Research, 139, 908–917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.10.043
  • Fantazy, K. A., Kumar, V., & Kumar, U. (2010). Supply management practices and performance in the Canadian hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(4), 685–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.02.001
  • Field, A. (2006). Reliability Analysis. C8057 (Research Methods II).
  • Ford, J. D., Bolton, K., Shirley, J., Pearce, T., Tremblay, M., & Westlake, M. (2012). Mapping Human Dimensions of Climate Change Research in the Canadian Arctic. AMBIO, 41(8), 808–822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0336-8
  • Fu, J., Ji, Y., & Jing, J. (2020). Rank and File Employee Satisfaction and the Implied Cost of Equity Capital. Journal of Accounting, Auditing &Amp; Finance, 38(1), 182–210. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148558x20971942
  • Golubovskaya, M., Robinson, R. N., & Solnet, D. (2017). The meaning of hospitality: do employees understand? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(5), 1282–1304. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-11-2015-0667
  • Gössling, S., Fernandez, S., Martin-Rios, C., Reyes, S. P., Fointiat, V., Isaac, R. K., & Lunde, M. (2020). Restaurant tipping in Europe: a comparative assessment. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(6), 811–823. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1749244
  • Guay, F., Vallerand, R. J., & Blanchard, C. (2000). On the Assessment of Situational Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS). Motivation and Emotion, 24(3), 175–213. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005614228250
  • Guéguen, N., & Jacob, C. (2005). The effect of touch on tipping: an evaluation in a French bar
  • . International Journal of Hospitality Management. 24 295-299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2004.06.004
  • Guéguen, N., & Jacob, C. (2012). Clothing Color and Tipping. Journal of Hospitality &Amp; Tourism Research, 38(2), 275–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348012442546
  • Hilkenmeier, F., & Hoffmann, S. (2021). In Focus: Effects of an Opportune Gift on Tipping. Journal of Hospitality &Amp; Tourism Research, 46(4), 808–818. https://doi.org/10.1177/10963480211019841
  • Hsiao, C. H., Chien, C. H., Yeh, S. S., & Huan, T. C. (2022). Smiling for tips? Will restaurant servers’ actions affect customers’ emotional contagion and tipping behavior? Tourism Review, 77(3), 964–985. https://doi.org/10.1108/tr-09-2021-0441
  • Ismail, F. L. M., Ismai, A., Abd Wahab, N. A., & Abdul Latiff, L. (2019). Job Satisfaction And Work-life Quality Among Employees Of Hotel Industry In Malaysia. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 10(4).
  • Jamal Ali, B., & Anwar, G. (2021). An Empirical Study of Employees’ Motivation and its Influence Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(2), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.2.3
  • Kadam, R. (2017). Informed consent process: A step further towards making it meaningful! Perspectives in Clinical Research, 8(3), 107–112. https://doi.org/10.4103/picr.picr_147_16
  • Kafle, S. C. (2017). Correlation and Regression Analysis Using SPSS. OCEM Journal of Management, Technology & Social Sciences.
  • Kakkar, V., & Li, K. K. (2022). Cash or card? Impression management and restaurant tipping behavior. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 97, 101837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2022.101837
  • Kalimullah, A. R., Yaghoubi, N. M., & Maloudi, J. (2010). Survey of Relationship between Organizational Justice and Empowerment. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 24, 165–171.
  • Karabas, I., Orlowski, M., & Lefebvre, S. (2020). What am I tipping you for? Customer response to tipping requests at limited-service restaurants. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(5), 2007–2026. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-12-2019-0981
  • Khuong, M. N., & Linh, U. D. T. (2020). Influence of work-related stress on employee motivation, job satisfaction and employee loyalty in hospitality industry. Management Science Letters, 3279–3290. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.6.010
  • Kim, W. G., Cho, M., & Brymer, R. A. (2013). Determinants affecting comprehensive property-level hotel performance: The moderating role of hotel type. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34, 404–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.12.002
  • Klimczuk, A. (2021). Demographic analysis: Selected Concepts, Tools, and Applications. BoD – Books on Demand.
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 3rd ed. Guilford Pres. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-18801-000
  • Kusluvan, S., Kusluvan, Z., Ilhan, I., & Buyruk, L. (2010). The Human Dimension. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 51(2), 171–214. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965510362871
  • Lee, J., Aggarwal, A., Rafieian, H., & Korschun, D. (2020). Do consumers use tipping to monitor service? Role of power and embarrassment. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 56, 102159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102159
  • Lin, I. Y., & Namasivayam, K. (2011). Understanding restaurant tipping systems: a human resources perspective. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 23(7), 923–940. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596111111167533
  • Lohr, S. L. (2019). Sampling: Design and Analysis. CRC Press.
  • Lynn, M. (1997). Tipping customs and status seeking: a cross-country study. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 16(2), 221–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4319(97)00007-8
  • Lynn, M. (2015). Service gratuities and tipping: A motivational framework. Journal of Economic Psychology, 46, 74–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2014.12.002
  • Lynn, M. (2021a). Did the COVID-19 Pandemic Dampen Americans’ Tipping for Food Services? Insights From Two Studies. Compensation & Benefits Review, 53(3), 130–143.
  • Lynn, M. (2021b). Effects of the Big Five personality traits on tipping attitudes, motives, and behaviors. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 92, 102722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102722
  • Lynn, M., & Brewster, Z. W. (2019). The Tipping Behavior and Motives of US Travelers Abroad: Affected by Host Nations’ Tipping Norms? Journal of Travel Research, 59(6), 993–1007. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519875820
  • Lynn, M., & Kwortnik, R. J. (2020). Tipping policy effects on customer satisfaction: An informative failure to replicate. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 86, 102448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102448
  • Lynn, M., & McCall, M. (2000). Gratitude and gratuity: a meta-analysis of research on the service-tipping relationship. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 29(2), 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1053-5357(00)00062-7
  • Lynn, M., & Sturman, M. (2010). Tipping and Service Quality: A Within-Subjects Analysis. Journal of Hospitality &Amp; Tourism Research, 34(2), 269–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348009350637
  • Md Rus, M. H., Zain, R. A., Abdul Patah, M. O. R., Zainal Abidin, I. H., & Mohd Radzi, S. (2017). Factors influencing patrons’ tipping practice at 5-star hotels in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality & Culinary Arts , 9(2), 277–292.
  • MOTAC Website. (2023, January 25). Rated Tourist Accommodation Premises. Official Portal Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture. https://www.motac.gov.my/en/check/hotel?s=&n=4&v=20
  • Mulinari, P. (2016). Weapons of the poor: Tipping and resistance in precarious times. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 40(2), 434–451. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831x16653188
  • Mustafa, L., & Domniku, M. (2018). The role and importance of motivation and empowerment employees in the success of the enterprise. 2018 UBT International Conference. https://doi.org/10.33107/ubt-ic.2018.322
  • Ngindana, U. (2020). Managing Tipping Practices: Its Impact on Relationships in Restaurants. Master’s in social Impact Assessment.
  • Nicholson, N. (2003). How to Motivate Your Problem People. Havard Business Review, 81(1), 56–65.
  • Olaniyi, A. A. (2019). Application of Likert Scale’s Type and Cronbach’s Alpha Analysis in an Airport Perception Study. Scholar Journal of Applied Sciences and Research, 2(4), 1–5.
  • Olusadum, N. J., & Anulika, N. J. (2018). Impact of Motivation on Employee Performance: A Study of Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Eduaction. Journal of Management and Strategy, 9(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.5430/jms.v9n1p53
  • Onah. (2008). Human Resource Management (2nd ed.). Enugu: John Jacob’s Classic Publishers Ltd.
  • Oxford Dictionary. (2022). Oxford Learner’s Dictionary. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/motivation?q=motivation
  • Padma, P., & Ahn, J. (2020). Guest satisfaction & dissatisfaction in luxury hotels: An application of big data. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 84, 102318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102318
  • Pala Morkoç, T. (2020). The Tip Perception of the Hotel Employees: Wage or Reward? Ege Akademik Bakis (Ege Academic Review). https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.710902
  • Park, Y. S., Konge, L., & Artino, A. R. (2020). The Positivism Paradigm of Research. Academic Medicine, 95(5), 690–694. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000003093
  • Parrett, M. (2006). An Analysis of the Determinants of Tipping Behavior: A Laboratory Experiment and Evidence from Restaurant Tipping. Southern Economic Journal, 73(2), 489. https://doi.org/10.2307/20111903
  • Pimentel, J. (2010). A note on the usage of Likert Scaling for research data analysis. USM R&D Journal, 18(2), 109–112. https://www.usm.edu.ph/onlinejournal/index.php/USMJournal/article/download/98/73
  • Pinder, C. C. (1998). Work Motivation in Organizational Behavior (1st ed.). Prentice Hall; edition (1998-12-31).
  • Poon, W., & Lock?Teng Low, K. (2005). Are travellers satisfied with Malaysian hotels? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 17(3), 217–227. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110510591909
  • Raspor, A., Lacmanovi?, D., & Lacmanovi?, J. (in press). Tipping habits in hospitality industry in Montenegro. Tourism & Hospitality Industry 2018, Congress Proceedings.
  • Reza, M. (2011). The Study of Tourism Signage Understandability towards Travelers Satisfaction. International Conference on Performing Arts as Creative Industries in Asia, USM University, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia, Vol. 2.
  • Romero, I., & Tejada, P. (2019). Tourism intermediaries and innovation in the hotel industry. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(5), 641–653. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1572717
  • Sen, S., & Yildirim, I. (2022). A Tutorial on How to Conduct Meta-Analysis with IBM SPSS Statistics. Psych, 4(4), 640–667. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych4040049
  • Seresinhe, C. I., Preis, T., MacKerron, G., & Moat, H. S. (2019). Happiness is Greater in More Scenic Locations. Scientific Reports, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40854-6
  • Shatnawi, H., Al Najdawi, B., Kanaan, K., Khaleefah, Q., & Khasawneh, M. (2019). Factors Affecting Customers’ Behavior Towards Tipping Intentions in Jordanian Restaurants. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 26(1), 761–768. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.26307-395
  • Shih, I. H., Jai, T. M. C., & Blum, S. C. (2016). Tipping: The case of hotel turndown service. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 55, 129–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.03.004
  • Shkoler, O., & Kimura, T. (2020). How Does Work Motivation Impact Employees’ Investment at Work and Their Job Engagement? A Moderated-Moderation Perspective Through an International Lens. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00038
  • Simons, T., & Enz, C. A. (1995). Motivating hotel employees Beyond the carrot and the stick. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 36(1), 20–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-8804(99)80053-6
  • Simpao, K. J. S. (2018). Labour Productivity Measurement and Control Standards for Hotel. Journal of Service Science Research, 10(1), 25–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12927-018-0002-1
  • Sing, T. Z., & Awang, N. (2022). Determinants of hotel room price in Penang, Malaysia: Evidence from multiple linear regression and quantile regression. International Journal Artificial Intelligent and Informatics, 2(2), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.33292/ijarlit.v2i2.37
  • Stamper, C. (2003). Organizational citizenship: A comparison between part-time and full-time service employees. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 44(1), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-8804(03)90044-9
  • Sürücü, L., & Maslakçi, A. (2020). VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH. Business &Amp; Management Studies: An International Journal, 8(3), 2694–2726. https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v8i3.1540
  • Thabane, L., Ma, J., Chu, R., Cheng, J., Ismaila, A., Rios, L. P., Robson, R., Thabane, M., Giangregorio, L., & Goldsmith, C. H. (2010). A tutorial on pilot studies: what, why and how. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-10-1
  • Vansteenkiste, M., Neyrinck, B., Niemiec, C. P., Soenens, B., Witte, H., & Broeck, A. (2007). On the relations among work value orientations, psychological need satisfaction and job outcomes: A self-determination theory approach. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80(2), 251–277. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317906x111024
  • Vuk?evi?, N., Niki?, S., & Raspor, A. (2022). How a tip affects workers’ motivation – The relationship between Slovenia and Montenegro in tourism and hospitality. European Journal of Applied Business Management, Special Issue IWTHM2021, 55–71.
  • Weaver, T. (1988). Theory M: Motivating with money. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 29(3), 40–45.
  • Were, S. O., Miricho, M., & Maranga, V. N. (2020). Foodservice clientele tipping behavior and its impetus on restaurant service reliability in Kenya. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 24(1), 42–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/15378020.2020.1834058
  • Were, S., Miricho, M., & Maranga, V. (2021). Restaurant tipping behavior and its inspiration on food service empathy: a focus on two- and three-star hotels in Kenya. International Hospitality Review, 35(1), 57–69. https://doi.org/10.1108/ihr-07-2020-0026
  • Were, S. O., Miricho, N. M., & Maranga, N. V. (2019). A Review of Hospitality’s Restaurant Operations: An Explanation of the Tipping Phenomenon. Global Journal of Management and Business Research: A Administration and Management, 19(5).
  • Whaley, J. E., Douglas, A. C., & O’Neill, M. A. (2014). What’s in a tip? The creation and refinement of a restaurant-tipping motivations scale: A consumer perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 37, 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.11.005
  • Whaley, J. E., Kim, S. H., & Kim, Y. K. (2019). Drivers and impact of restaurant tipping behavior. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 22(2), 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/15378020.2019.1570773
  • Zacarelli, H. E. (1985). Is the hospitality-foodservice industry turning its employees on — or off? The manager makes the decision. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 4(3), 123–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4319(85)90005-2
  • Zahari, M. S. M., Rashdi, M. O., Radzi, S. M., & Othman, Z. (2011). Tipping: Has It Becoming Prevalent Norms In Malaysia Hospitality Industry. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality & Culinary Arts, 3(3), 39–52.
  • Zhang, Z., Ye, Q., & Law, R. (2011). Determinants of hotel room price. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 23(7), 972–981. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596111111

Downloads

No downloads have been recorded for this article yet. Figures appear here once readers begin downloading the full text.

How to Cite

Zahari, N., Othman, Z., Kedin, N. A., Abdul Aziz, A., & Bakhtiar, M. F. S. (2025). Tipping Practices, Employee Motivation and Service Delivery Performance among 4 and 5-star Hotel Employees in Pulau Pinang. Information Management and Business Review, 17(4(I), 10-18. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v17i4(I).4512

Share this article

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Nurnadhirah Zahari, Zulhan Othman, Nor Adila Kedin, Azdel Abdul Aziz, Mohd Faeez Saiful Bakhtiar (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Author (s) should affirm that the material has not been published previously. It has not been submitted and it is not under consideration by any other journal. At the same time author (s) need to execute a publication permission agreement to assume the responsibility of the submitted content and any omissions and errors therein. After submission of revised paper in the light of suggestions of the reviewers, the editorial team  edits and formats manuscripts to bring uniformity and standardization in published material.

This work will be licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) and under condition of the license, users are free to read, copy, remix, transform, redistribute, download, print, search or link to the full texts of articles and even build upon their work as long as they credit the author for the original work. Moreover, as per journal policy author (s) hold and retain copyrights without any restrictions.

Keywords

Section

Research Paper

Published in

Vol. 17 No. 4(I) (2025) Circular Economy, Civic Technology & Social Innovation View issue contents

Published

2025-11-23

Submissions

Have research to publish? Information Management and Business Review welcomes submissions.

Make a Submission