Author

  • Onneetse L. Sikalao-Lekobane

    • Bank of Botswana, Botswana
    • Botswana
  • Khaufelo Raymond Lekobane

    • Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis (BIDPA), Botswana
    • Botswana

Abstract

The ability of the stock market to reflect real economic activities through fundamental macroeconomic variables in emerging markets remains paramount considering the role of stock markets in the financial system. This paper explores the long-term equilibrium relationship between the Botswana stock market price and selected domestic and global macroeconomic variables using quarterly data for the period 1998 to 2012. The selected macroeconomic variables included Gross Domestic Product (GDP), long and short-term interest rates, money supply, foreign reserves, inflation, diamond price index, exchange rate, US share price index and 10 Year US government bond yield. The paper employs VECM framework following Johansen’s cointegration technique. The analysis revealed that macroeconomic variables and the stock market price are cointegrated, hence, a long-run equilibrium relationship existed between them. The results showed that in the long run, real GDP, short-term interest rates, inflation and diamond index are positively related with stock market price. However, long-term real interest rate, money supply, foreign reserves, exchange rate, US share price index and US government bond yield are negatively related with stock market price in the long run.

Keywords

References

  • Abdullah, D. A. & Hayworth, S. C. (1993). Macroeconometrics of Stock Price Fluctuations. Quarterly Journal of Business and Economics, 32(1), 50–67.
  • Adam, A. M. & Frimpong, S. (2010). Can Stock Market Hedge Against Inflation in the Long Run? Evidence from Ghana Stock Market. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(6), 188–194.
  • Aggarwal, R. (1981). Exchange Rates and Stock Prices: A study of the US capital Markets Under Floating Exchange Rates. Akron Business and Economic Review, 12, 7-12.
  • Agrawalla, R. K. & Tuteja, S. K. (2008). Share prices and macroeconomic variables in India: an approach to investigate the relationship between stock markets and economic growth. Journal of Management Research, 8(3), 136-146.
  • Ahmed, M. N. & Imam, M. O. (2007). Macroeconomic Factors and Bangladesh Stock Market. International Review of Business Research Paper, 3(5), 21-35.
  • Aït-Sahalia, Y., Parker J. A. & Yogo, M. (2004). Luxury goods and the equity premium. Journal of Finance , 59(6), 2959-3004.
  • Al-Khazali, O. M. & Pyun, C. S. (2004). Stock Prices and Inflation: New Evidence from the Pacific-Basin Countries. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 22(2), 123–140.
  • Alshogeathri, M. (2011). Macroeconomic Determinant of the Stock Market Movement: Empirical Evidence from the Saudi Stock Market. Kansas City University
  • Auer, B. R. & Schuhmacher, F. (2013). Diamonds — A precious New Asset? International Review of Financial Analysis , 28, 182–189.
  • Baumol, W. J. (1965). The Stock Market and Economic Eficiency. New York: Fordham Univ. Press.
  • Black, F., Jensen, M. & Scholes, M. (1972). The Capital Asset Pricing Model: Some Empirical Tests, in Studies in the Theory of Capital Markets. M. C. Jensen, ed. New York, Praeger. pp 79–121.
  • Bosworth, B. (1975). The Stock Market and the Economy. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 75(2), 257-300.
  • Chaudhuri, K. & Smiles, S. (2004). Stock Market and Aggregate Economic Activity: Evidence from Australia. Applied Financial Economics, 14(9), 121-12.
  • Chen, N., Roll, R. & Ross, S. A. (1986). Economic Forces and the Stock Market. Journal of Business, 59(3), 383–403.
  • Davis, N. & Kutan, A. M. (2003). Inflation and Output as Predictors of Stock Returns and Volatility: International Evidence. Applied Financial Economics, 13(9), 693-700.
  • DeFina, R. H. (1991). Does Inflation Depress the Stock Market? Business Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia , 3, 3–12.
  • Dhakal, D., Kandil, M. & Sharma, S. C. (1993). Causality Between the Money Supply and Share Prices: A VAR Investigation. Quarterly Journal of Business and Economics, 32(3), 52-74.
  • Dickey, D. A. & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057-72.
  • Dickey, D. A. & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root . Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366), 427-431.
  • Engle, R. F. & Granger, C. W. (1987). Cointegration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276.
  • Errunza, V. R. & Hogan, K. (1998). Macroeconomic Determinants of European Stock Market Volatility. European Financial Management, 4(3), 361-377.
  • Fama, E. F. (1965). The Behaviour of Stock Market Prices. Journal of Business, 38(1), 35–105.
  • Fama, E. F. (1981). Stock Returns, Real Activity, Inflation and Money. The American Economic Review, 71(4), 545–565.
  • Fama, E. F. (1990). Stock Returns, Expected Returns, and Real Activity. Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, 45(4), 1089-1108.
  • Fama, E. F. & French, K. R. (1989). Business Conditions and Expected Returns on Stocks and Bonds. Journal of Financial Economics, 25(1), 23–49.
  • Fama, E. F. & Schwert, W. (1977). Asset Returns and Inflation. Journal of Financial Economics, 5, 115-146.
  • Fifield, S. G. M., Power, D. M. & Sinclair, C (2002). Macroeconomic Factors and Share Returns: An Analysis Using Emerging Market Data. International Journal of Finance and Economics, 7(1), 51-62.
  • Fisher, I. (1930). The Theory of Interest. Macmillan, New York.
  • Floros, C. (2004). Stock Returns and Inflation in Greece. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 4, 12-25.
  • Friedman, M. (1988). Money and the Stock Market. Journal of Political Economy, 96(2), 221-245.
  • Galebotswe, O. & Tlhalefang, J. B. (2012). Monetary Policy Shocks and Stock Returns Reactions: Evidence from Botswana. Botswana Journal of Economics, 10(14), 79-108.
  • Geske, R. & Roll, R. (1983). The Fiscal and Monetary Linkage between Stock Returns and Inflation. The Journal of Finance, 38(1), 1540-6261.
  • Gjerde, O. & Saettem, F. (1999). Causal Relations Among Stock Returns and Macroeconomic Variables in a Small, Open Economy. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 9(1), 6174.
  • Glen, J. (2002). Devaluations and Emerging Stock Market Returns. Emerging Markets Review , 3(4), 409– 428.
  • Granger, C. (1986). Developments in the Study of Cointegration Economic Variables. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 48(3), 213 –228.
  • Granger, C. W., Huang, B. & Yang, C. (2000). A Bivariate Causality between Stock Prices and Exchange Rates: Evidence from Recent Asian Flu. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 40(3), 337 –354.
  • Hsing, Y. (2011). The Stock Market and Macroeconomic Variables in a BRICS Country and Policy Implications. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 1(1), 12-18.
  • Humpe, A. & Macmillan, P. (2009). Can Macroeconomic Variables Explain Long-term Stock Market Movements? A Comparison of the US and Japan. Applied Financial Economics, 19(2), 111-119.
  • Hussin, M., Muhammad, F., Salwa, A., Marwan, F. & Azila, R. (2012). The Dynamic Interaction between Islamic Stock Market and Strategic Commodities. Journal of Islamic Economics, Banking and Finance, 9(3).
  • Ibrahim, M. (2000). Cointegration and Granger Causality Tests of Stock Price and Exchange Rate Interactions in Malaysia. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 17(1), 36–47.
  • Ibrahim, M. (2003). Macroeconomic Forces and Capital Market Integration: A VAR Analysis for Malaysia. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy , 8(1), 19-40.
  • Ibrahim, M. & Aziz, L. (2003). Macroeconomic Variables and the Malaysian Equity Market. Journal of Economic Studies, 30(1), 6-27.
  • Ibrahim, M. & Yusoff, M. (2001). Macroeconomics Variables and Stock Price in Malaysia: An Empirical Analysis. Asian Economic Journal, 13(2), 219-231.
  • Jefferis, K. & Okeahalam, C. (2000). An Event Study of the Botswana, Zimbabwe and Johannesburg Stock Exchanges. South African Journal of Business Management, 30(4), 131-140.
  • Johansen, S. (1991). Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models. Econometrica, 59(6), 1555-1580.
  • Johansen, S. (1995). Likelihood Based Inferences in Cointegrated Vector Autoregressive Models. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kumari, J. (2011). Stock Returns and Inflation in India: An Empirical Analysis. Department of Economics, University of Hyderabad, India, 36(6), 427-431.
  • Levenstein, M. & Suslow, V. (2006). What Determines Cartel Success? Journal of Economic Literature, 44(1), 43–95.
  • Levine, R. & Zervos, S. (1998). Stock Markets, Banks, and Economic Growth. American Economic Review, American Economic Association, 88(3), 537-58.
  • Maysami, R. C. & Koh, T. S. (2000). A Vector Error Correction Model for the Singapore Stock Market. International Review of Economics and Finance, 9(1), 79-96.
  • Mitra, R. (2013). Foreign Aid and Economic Growth: A Cointegration Test for Cambodia. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Sciences, 5(2), 117-121.
  • Mookerjee, R. & Yu, Q. (1997). Macroeconomic Variables and Stock Prices in a Small Open Economy: The Case of Singapore. Pacific Basin Finance Journal, 5(3), 377-388.
  • Muhammad, S. D., Hussain, A. & Ali, A. (2009). Stock Prices: Empirical Evidence in Case of KSE (Karachi Stock Exchange). European Journal of Scientific Research, 38(1), 96-103.
  • Mukherjee, T. K. & Naka, A. (1995). DynamicRelations Between Macroeconomic Variables and the Japanese Stock Market: An Application of a Vector Error Correction Model. The Journal of Financial Research, 18(2), 223-237.
  • Nasseh, A. & Strauss, J. (2000). Stock Prices and Domestic and International Macroeconomic Activity: A Cointegration Approach. Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 40(2), 229-245.
  • Nemaorani, T. (2012). Impact of Monetary Policy on Stock Prices: Evidence from Botswana. Unpublished BA Economics Project, University of Botswana.
  • Omrana, M. (2003). Time Series Analysis of the Impact of Real Interest Rates on Stock Market Activity and Liquidity in Egypt: Co-integration and Error Correction Model Approach. International Journal of Business, 8(3), 358-374.
  • Phillips, P. C. & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression: Possibly Integrated Processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66(1), 225-250.
  • Rahman, A. A., Noor, Z. M. & Tafri, F. H. (2009). Macroeconimic Determinants of Malaysian Stock Market. African Journal of Business Management, 3(3), 95-106.
  • Ralph, U. I. & Eriki, O. P. (2001). Inflation and Stock Price Behavior: Evidence from Nigerian Stock market. Journal of Financial Management & Analysis, 14(1), 1-10.
  • Ratanapakorn, O. & Sharma, S. C. (2007). Dynamic Analysis Between the US Stock Returns and the Macroeconomic Variables. Applied Financial Economics, 17(5), 369-37.
  • Renneboog, L. & Spaenjers, C. (2012). Hard Assets: The Returns on Rare Diamonds and Gems. Finance Research Letters, 9(4), 220–230.
  • Ritter, R. J. (2005). Economic Growth and Equity Returns. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 13(5), 489–503.
  • Ross, S. (1976). The Arbitrage Theory of Capital Asset Pricing. Journal of Economic Theory, 13(3), 341– 360.
  • Sharpe, W. F. (1964). Capital Asset Prices: A Theory of Market Equilibrium under Conditions of Risk. Journal of Finance, 19(3), 425–42.
  • Shevelyova, I. (2006). The World Diamond Market: Logic of the Organization and Functioning. Economics and Management, 2, 79–85.
  • Soenen, L. A. & Hennigar, E. S. (1988). An Analysis of Exchange Rates and Stock prices: The US experience between 1980 and 1986. Akron Business and Economic Review , 19(4), 7-16.
  • Sohail, N. & Hussain, Z. (2009). Long-run and Short-run Relationship between Macroeconomic Variables and Stock Prices in Pakistan: The Case of Lahore Stock Exchange. Pakistan Economic and Social Review , 47(2), 183-198.
  • Spar, D. (2006). Continuity and Change in the International Diamond Market. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(3), 195–208.
  • Spyrou, S. I. (2001). Stock Returns and Inflation: Evidence from an Emerging Market. Econometrics Reviews, 15(4), 369-386.
  • Spyrou, S. I. (2004). Are stocks a good hedge against inflation? Evidence from Emerging Markets. Applied Economics, Taylor and Francis Journals, 36(1), 41-48.
  • Srinivasan, P. (2011). Causal Nexus between Stock Market Return and Selected Macroeconomic Variables in India: Evidence from the National Stock Exchange (NSE). The IUP Journal of Financial Risk Management , 8(4), 7-24. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of Bank of Botswana or BIDPA where the authors are employed.

Downloads

No downloads have been recorded for this article yet. Figures appear here once readers begin downloading the full text.

How to Cite

Sikalao-Lekobane, O. L., & Lekobane, K. R. (2014). Do Macroeconomic Variables Influence Domestic Stock Market Price Behaviour in Emerging Markets? A Johansen Cointegration Approach to the Botswana Stock Market. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 6(5), 363-372. https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v6i5.499

Share this article

Section

Research Paper

Published

2014-05-30

Submissions

Have research to publish? Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies welcomes submissions.

Make a Submission