Managing the Knowledge Supply Chain: Human capital, Structural Capital and Graduate Employability: Testing Interaction Effects

Alex Twinomuhwezi; Nixon Kamukama; Charles Tushabomwe-Kazooba

doi:10.22610/jebs.v18i1(J).4822

Author

Alex Twinomuhwezi
- Department of Procurement and Marketing, Mbarara University of Science & Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- Uganda
Nixon Kamukama
- Department of Procurement and Marketing, Mbarara University of Science & Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- Uganda
Charles Tushabomwe-Kazooba
- Department of Procurement and Marketing, Mbarara University of Science & Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- Uganda

Abstract

This study examines the interaction effect of human and structural capital on graduate employability in public universities in South-Western Uganda, exploring how their combination enhances labor-market outcomes. The study adopted a positivist research paradigm with a quantitative, cross-sectional design. Data were collected from 377 graduates and 122 academic and administrative staff across Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Kabale University, and Mountains of the Moon University using self-administered questionnaires. Human capital was measured through professional competence, social competence, employee motivation, and leadership, while structural capital comprised institutional systems, infrastructure, and culture. Graduate employability was assessed through job acquisition, employment quality, career adaptability, and entrepreneurial success. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Structural Equation Modeling, with interaction effects tested using Hayes’ Process Macro. Human and structural capital both significantly predict graduate employability, accounting for 42.7% of the variance. Inclusion of the interaction term revealed a significant multiplicative effect, indicating that human capital’s impact on employability strengthens as structural capital increases. The results confirm that neither capital alone suffices; their synergy optimizes graduate outcomes, consistent with the knowledge supply chain perspective. Universities should jointly invest in faculty expertise and institutional infrastructure, embed employability skills into curricula, and institutionalize industry partnerships. Policymakers should implement performance-based funding, revise quality assurance frameworks to emphasize employability, and promote university-industry collaboration. This study is the first to empirically test the interactive effects of human and structural capital on graduate employability in Ugandan public universities.

Keywords

References

Abelha, M., Fernandes, S., Mesquita, D., Seabra, F., & Ferreira-Oliveira, A. T. (2020). Graduate employability and competence development in higher education: A systematic literature review using PRISMA. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12155900 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12155900
Ahmed, S., Aziz, N. A., Haque, R., Bin, A. R., Senathirajah, S., & Qazi, S. Z. (2024). Digital transformation in Malaysian manufacturing: a study of change sensing and seizing capabilities. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2392046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2392046
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. SAGE Publications, Inc.
Alfawaire, F., & Atan, T. (2021). The Effect of Strategic Human Resource and Knowledge Management on Sustainable Competitive Advantages at Jordanian Universities: The Mediating Role of Organizational Innovation. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158445
Ali, M. A., Hussin, N., Haddad, H., Alkhodary, D., & Marei, A. (2021). Dynamic Capabilities and Their Impact on Intellectual Capital and Innovation Performance. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810028
Ali, Q. B., Bin Mohd Zin, M. L., & Bin Ismail, S. A. (2022). The Mediating Role of Innovation on The Relationship Between Intellectual Capital and Private Universities' Performance in Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i7/14113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i7/14113
Andy Field. (2018). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics (5th Edition). SAGE Publications.
Annala, J., Lindén, J., Mäkinen, M., & Henriksson, J. (2023). Understanding academic agency in curriculum change in higher education. 2517. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2021.1881772 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2021.1881772
Araki, S. (2020). Educational Expansion, Skills Diffusion, and the Economic Value of Credentials and Skills. In American Sociological Review (Vol. 85, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122419897873 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122419897873
Asiedu, E., Boakye, A. N., Malcalm, E., & Amoah, C. K. (2023). Institutional Strategies and Graduate Employability Development Skills of Business Students: The Mediating Role of Graduate Capital Forms. ICRRD Quality Index Research Journal, 4(3), 157–181. https://doi.org/10.53272/icrrd.v4i3.7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.53272/icrrd.v4i3.7
Astuti, P. D., Datrini, L. K., & Chariri, A. (2023). Understanding the Antecedents and Consequences of Sustainable Competitive Advantage: Testing Intellectual Capital and Organizational Performance. Economies, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/economies11040120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/economies11040120
Asumadu, G., Ofori, D., Adomako, S., & Sefa, E. O. (2022). The Two Sides of the Coin of Youth Unemployment: Government and the Unemployed Individual. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 22(24), 133–140. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.9734/AJEBA/2022/v22i24901 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2022/v22i24901
Barney, J. B., Ketchen, D. J., & Wright, M. (2021). Resource-Based Theory and the Value Creation Framework. Journal of Management, 47(7), 1936–1955. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/01492063211021655
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108
Barney, J. A. Y. B. (2001). Is the Resource-Based " View " a Useful Perspective for Strategic Management Research?? DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/259393
Becker, G. S. (1993). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education (3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226041223.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226041223.001.0001
Behle, H. (2020). Students’ and graduates’ employability. A framework to classify and measure employability gain. Policy Reviews in Higher Education, 4(1), 105–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322969.2020.1712662 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23322969.2020.1712662
Bellucci, M., Marzi, G., Orlando, B., & Ciampi, F. (2021). Journal of Intellectual Capital: a review of emerging themes and future trends. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 22(4), 744–767. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-10-2019-0239 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-10-2019-0239
Beltramino, N. S., García-Pérez-de-Lema, D., & Valdez-Juárez, L. E. (2020). The structural capital, the innovation and the performance of the industrial SMES. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 21(6), 913–945. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-01-2019-0020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-01-2019-0020
Boikanyo, D. H. (2025). Structural Capital Management and Knowledge Sharing to Enhance Employee Engagement in the Modern Era.
Bontis, N. (2002). There is a price on your head: managing intellectual capital strategically, Business Quarterly, summer, pp.40 – 47.
Bontis, N. (1998). Mapping the human capital management research trends using bibliometric analysis. Management Decision, 36(2), 63–76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00251749810204142
Bratianu, C., & B. R. (2017). Knowledge strategies for increasing IC of universities.In European Conference on Intangibles and Intellectual Capital (p. 34). Academic Conferences International Limited.
Breznitz, S.M., Zhang, Q. (2020). Determinants of graduates’ entrepreneurial activity. Small Bus Econ, 55, 1039–1056. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00171-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00171-8
Buc??a, G., & Tileag?, C. (2023). The Role of Human Capital in the Universities’ Management Efficiency Process. Land Forces Academy Review, 28(2), 136–147. https://doi.org/10.2478/raft-2023-0017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/raft-2023-0017
Chavarnakul, T. (2025). ODU Digital Commons: A Systematic Literature Review on Resilient Digital Transformation, Examining How Organizations Sustain Digital Capabilities. 6(2), 687–722. DOI: https://doi.org/10.28991/HIJ-2025-06-02-021
Chigbu, B. I., & Nekhwevha, F. H. (2022). Academic-faculty environment and graduate employability: variation of work-readiness perceptions. Heliyon, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09117
Chowdhury, S. A., Sharmin, R., Amin, A.-, & Shifat, N. (2025). Integrating an educational supply chain model in the higher education sector: meeting the 21st-century workforce demands in Bangladesh. April, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1521309 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1521309
Clarke, M. (2018). Rethinking graduate employability: the role of capital, individual attributes and context. Studies in Higher Education, 43(11), 1923–1937. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1294152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1294152
Cricelli, L., Greco, M., Grimaldi, M., & Llanes Dueñas, L. P. (2018). Intellectual capital and university performance in emerging countries: Evidence from Colombian public universities. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 19(1), 71–95. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-02-2017-0037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-02-2017-0037
Damoah, O. B. O., Peprah, A. A., & Brefo, K. O. (2021). Does higher education equip graduate students with the employability skills employers require? The perceptions of employers in Ghana. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 45(10), 1311–1324. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2020.1860204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2020.1860204
David J. Teece. (2023). The Evolution of the Dynamic Capabilities Framework. Artificiality and Sustainability in Entrepreneurship, FGF Studies in Small Business and Entrepreneurship. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11371-0_6
de Matos Pedro, E., Alves, H., & Leitão, J. (2022). In search of intangible connections: intellectual capital, performance and quality of life in higher education institutions. Higher Education, 83(2), 243–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00653-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00653-9
de Matos Pedro, E., Leitão, J., & Alves, H. (2020). Bridging intellectual capital, sustainable development and quality of life in higher education institutions. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020479 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020479
Dhruba Borah, Khaleel Malik, S. M. (2021). Teaching-focused university–industry collaborations: Determinants and impact on graduates’ employability competencies. Research Policy, 50(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.104172 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.104172
Donald, W. E., Baruch, Y., & Ashleigh, M. J. (2024). Construction and operationalisation of an Employability Capital Growth Model (ECGM) via a systematic literature review (2016–2022). Studies in Higher Education, 49(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2023.2219270 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2023.2219270
Edvinsson, L. and Malone, M. S. (1997). Intellectual Capital: Realizing Your Company’s True Value by Finding Its Hidden Brainpower. Harper Business, New York.
Fornell, C. G., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Friedrich, R. J. (1982). In Defense of Multiplicative Terms in Multiple Regression Equations. American Journal of Political Science, 26(4), 797. https://doi.org/10.2307/2110973 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2110973
Fugate, M., Kinicki, A. J., & Ashforth, B. E. (2004). Employability: A psycho-social construct, its dimensions, and applications. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 14–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2003.10.005
Habib, M., & Jungthirapanich, C. (2009). Integrated educational management for the Universities. In The Journal of China-USA Business Review.USA: David Publishing Company. 8(8), 25–38.
Hair, J., Back, W., Babin, B., and Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th edition). Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Hair, J. F. (2019). Rethinking some of the rethinking of partial least squares Rethinking some of the rethinking of partial least squares. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-10-2018-0665 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-10-2018-0665
Hassan, H., Kamaluddin, A., Saad, S., Haron, N. Q. Aini, Hamzah, N., & Kusumaningtias, R. (2022). Intellectual Capital Performance in Higher Education Institutions: Evidence from Public Universities. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(11), 2176–2191. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i11/15305 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i11/15305
Hayes, A. F. (2022a). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. The Guilford Press.
Hayes, A. F. (2022b). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis. A Regression-Based Approach (Third Edition).
Huang, H., Leone, D., Caporuscio, A., & Kraus, S. (2021). Managing intellectual capital in healthcare organizations. A conceptual proposal to promote innovation. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 22(2), 290–310. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-02-2020-0063 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-02-2020-0063
Ian P. Herbert, Andrew T. Rothwell, Jane L. Glover, S. A. L. (2020). Graduate employability, employment prospects and work-readiness in the changing field of professional work. The International Journal of Management Education, 18(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2020.100378 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2020.100378
Ibarra-Cisneros, M.A., Reyna, J.B.V. & Hernández-Perlines, F. (2023). Interaction between knowledge management, intellectual capital and innovation in higher education institutions. Education and Information Technologies, 28, 9685–9708. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11563-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11563-x
Igwe, P. A., Lock, D., & Rugara, D. G. (2022). What factors determine the development of employability skills in Nigerian higher education? Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 59(3), 337–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2020.1850319 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2020.1850319
Ilhamsyah, I., & Purwanto, S. (2025). Army Human Resources Development Strategy through Human Capital Approach. 1(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.62567/ijosse.v1i1.603
International Labour Organization. (2024). World employment and social outlook: Trends 2024. International Labour Organization. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/publications/flagship-reports/world-employment-and-social-outlook-trends-2024.
Jackson, D. (2013). Business graduate employability - where are we going wrong? Higher Education Research and Development, 32(5), 776–790. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2012.709832 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2012.709832
Jackson, D. (2014). Self-assessment of employability skill outcomes among undergraduates and alignment with academic ratings. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 39(1), 53–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2013.792107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2013.792107
Jackson, D. (2021). The changing nature of graduate roles and the value of the degree. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 43(2), 182–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2020.1777634 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2020.1777634
James Robson. (2023). Assessing the Contributions of Higher Education Knowledge for a Disordered World. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035307173.00019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035307173.00019
Jardon, C. M., & Martínez-Cobas, X. (2021). Measuring intellectual capital with financial data. PLoS ONE, 16(5 May), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249989 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249989
Jessie Koen, Ute-Christine Klehe, Annelies E.M. Van Vianen. (2012). Training career adaptability to facilitate a successful school-to-work transition. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(3), 395–408. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.10.003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.10.003
John Cresswell, J. D. C. (2019). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/nha3.20258 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/nha3.20258
Jose, E. P. (2008). Welcome to the Moderation/Mediation Help Centre, Version 2.0. School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington.
Kamukama, N., Ahiauzu, A., & Ntayi, J. M. (2010). Intellectual capital and performance: Testing interaction effects. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 11(4), 554–574. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691931011085687 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/14691931011085687
Kato, S., Galán-muros, V., & Weko, T. (2020). The emergence of alternative Credentials: OECD Education Working Paper. 216, 40. https://doi.org/10.1787/b741f39e-en DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/b741f39e-en
Kero, C. A., & Bogale, A. T. (2023). A Systematic Review of Resource-Based View and Dynamic Capabilities of Firms and Future Research Avenues. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 18(10), 3137–3154. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.181016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.181016
Kianto, A., Sáenz, J. and Aramburu, N. (2017). Knowledge-based human resource management practices, intellectual capital and innovation. Journal of Business Research, 81, 11–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jbusr es.2017.07.018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.07.018
Kichuk, Y., Kunchenko-Kharchenko, V., & Hrushchynska, N. (2021). Intellectual Capital of Institutions of Higher Education in the Knowledge Economy. 159–166. https://doi.org/10.22094/JOIE.2020.677844
Kozlinska, I., Rebmann, A., & Mets, T. (2023). Entrepreneurial competencies and employment status of business graduates: the role of experiential entrepreneurship pedagogy. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 35(5), 724–761. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2020.1821159 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2020.1821159
Kucharska, W. (2022). Tacit knowledge influence on intellectual capital and innovativeness in the healthcare sector: A cross-country study of Poland and the US. Journal of Business Research, 149(May), 869–883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.05.059 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.05.059
Kumaran Rajaram. (2023). Cultural Intelligence in Teaching and Learning. In Learning Intelligence: Innovative and Digital Transformative Learning Strategies (pp. 57–118). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9201-8_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9201-8_2
Kusmaryono, I., Wijayanti, D., & Maharani, H. R. (2022). Number of Response Options, Reliability, Validity, and Potential Bias in the Use of the Likert Scale Education and Social Science Research: A Literature Review. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 8(4), 625–637. https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.8.4.625 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.8.4.625
Lan, L., & Shabir, M. (2024). Research progress and prospects on operational excellence of higher education supply chain in the post-pandemic era. 16(4), 1515–1531.
Leisa Hassock & Christopher Hill. (2022). Employability and Employment: The Role of Higher Education in a Rapidly Changing World. In Higher Education and Job Employability (10th ed., pp. 155–178). Springer, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05716-8_8
Lindberg, M. E. (2007). At the Frontier of Graduate Surveys. Higher Education, 53, 623–644. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-005-1672-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-005-1672-4
Lynn, M. R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research, 35(6), 382–385. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-198611000-00017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-198611000-00017
Ma’dan, M., Ismail, M. T., & Daud, S. (2020). Strategies to enhance graduate employability: Insights from Malaysian public university policy-makers. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 17(2), 137–165. https://doi.org/10.32890/mjli2020.17.2.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32890/mjli2020.17.2.5
Maqsood Ahmad, Qiang Wu, M. Sualeh K. (2022). Intellectual Capital, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Sustainable Competitive Performance of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Mediating Effects of Organizational Innovation. Kybernetes. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-02-2022-0234 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/K-02-2022-0234
Mastercard Foundation. (2025). Young Africa Works - Uganda:
Masuwai, A., Zulkifli, H., & Hamzah, M. I. (2024). Evaluation of content validity and face validity of the secondary school Islamic education teacher self- assessment instrument. Cogent Education, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2308410 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2308410
McClelland, G. H. (1993). Statistical difficulties of detecting interactions and moderator effects. Psychol Bull., 14(2), 376-90. https://doi.org/doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.114.2.376. PMID: 8416037. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.114.2.376
Memon, M. A., Thurasamy, R., Ting, H., & Cheah, J. H. (2025). Purposive Sampling: A Review and Guidelines for Quantitative Research. Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling, 9(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.47263/JASEM.9(1)01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47263/JASEM.9(1)01
Mgaiwa, S. J. (2021). Fostering Graduate Employability: Rethinking Tanzania’s University Practices. SAGE Open, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211006709 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211006709
Mohammad Fawzi Shubita. (2023). The effect of human capital and structural capital on leverage: Evidence from Jordan. 0–10. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.21(3).2023.01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.21(3).2023.01
Mukaro, C. T., Deka, A., & Rukani, S. (2023). The influence of intellectual capital on organizational performance. Future Business Journal, 9(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-023-00208-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-023-00208-1
Muna, A., Ausat, A., Bana, T. Al, & Gadzali, S. S. (2023). Basic Capital of Creative Economy: The Role of Intellectual, Social, Cultural, and Institutional Capital. 1(2), 42–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58905/apollo.v1i2.21
Ng, P. M. L., Chan, J. K. Y., Wut, T. M., Lo, M. F., & Szeto, I. (2021). What makes better career opportunities for young graduates? Examining acquired employability skills in higher education institutions. Education + Training, 63(6), 852–871. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-08-2020-0231 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-08-2020-0231
Nwajiuba, C. A., Igwe, P. A., Akinsola-Obatolu, A. D., Ituma, A., & Binuomote, M. O. (2020). What can be done to improve higher education quality and graduate employability in Nigeria? A stakeholder approach. Industry and Higher Education, 34(5), 358–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950422219901102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0950422219901102
OECD. (2022). OECD Labour Force Statistics 2021, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1787/177e93b9-en. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/177e93b9-en
Okolie, U. C., Igwe, P. A., Nwosu, H. E., Eneje, B. C., & Mlanga, S. (2020). Enhancing graduate employability: Why do higher education institutions have problems with teaching generic skills? Policy Futures in Education, 18(2), 294–313. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478210319864824 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1478210319864824
Oliveira, M., Curado, C., Balle, A. R., & Kianto, A. (2020). Knowledge sharing, intellectual capital, and organizational results in SMES: are they related? Journal of Intellectual Capital, 21(6), 893–911. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-04-2019-0077 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-04-2019-0077
Otermans, P., Small, S., Pereira, M., & Sridharan, P. (2025). Students ’ and graduates ’ perspectives on skill development in higher education. Journal of Education and Work, 00(00), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2025.2576858 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2025.2576858
Pahwa, M., Cavanagh, A., & Vanstone, M. (2023). Key Informants in Applied Qualitative Health Research. Qualitative Health Research, 33(14), 1251–1261. https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323231198796 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323231198796
Päivi Siivonen, Ulpukka Isopahkala-Bouret, Michael Tomlinson, M. K. & N. H. (2023). Rethinking Graduate Employability in Context. In Rethinking Graduate Employability in Context. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20653-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20653-5
Petty, R., & Guthrie, J. (2000). Intellectual capital literature review 155 Intellectual capital literature review Measurement, reporting and management. In Journal of Intellectual Capital (Vol. 1, Issue 2). # MCB University Press. http://www.emerald-library.com DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/14691930010348731
Pitan, O. S., & Muller, C. (2019). University reputation and undergraduates’ self-perceived employability: mediating influence of experiential learning activities. Higher Education Research and Development, 38(6), 1269–1284. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2019.1634678 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2019.1634678
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., and Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of Method Bias in Social Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control It. Annual Review of Psychology,63(1), 539-569. DOI: DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452
Podsakoff, P.M., Mackenzie, S.B. and Lee, J. Y. (2003). Common Method Bias in Behavioral Research: A Review of Literature and Recommended Remedies. Journal of Psychology, 88(5), 879-903. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Priti Sharma. (2021). A Perceptual Study on the Causal Relationship Between Human Capital and Organizational Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Governance in Cognitive Cities, 2(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/IJEGCC.294090
Ramírez, Y., & Gordillo, S. (2014). Recognition and measurement of intellectual capital in Spanish universities. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 15(1), 173–188. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-05-2013-0058 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-05-2013-0058
Rampa, R., & Agogué, M. (2021). Developing radical innovation capabilities: Exploring the effects of training employees for creativity and innovation. Creativity and Innovation Management, 30(1), 211–227. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12423 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12423
Rex B. Kline. (2023). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (Fifth Edit).
Romano M, Cunningham JA, Cuttone G, Munnia A, N. M. (2025). “Intellectual capital-based research impact management: a strategic approach to increase regional intellectual capital.” Journal of Intellectual Capital, 26(7), 24–42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-04-2024-0115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-04-2024-0115
Römgens, I., Scoupe, R., & Beausaert, S. (2020). Unraveling the concept of employability, bringing together research on employability in higher education and the workplace. Studies in Higher Education, 45(12), 2588–2603. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1623770 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1623770
Roshchin, S., & Rudakov, V. (2015). Do Graduates' Wages Measure the Quality of Education?? A Review of Existing Studies.
Salinas-Ávila, J., Abreu-Ledón, R., & Tamayo-Arias, J. (2020). Intellectual capital and knowledge generation: an empirical study from Colombian public universities. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 21(6), 1053–1084. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-09-2019-0223 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-09-2019-0223
Saunders, M.N.K., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2019). Research methods for business students (Eighth edition). London: Pearson.
Savickas, M.L. and Porfeli, E. J. (2012). Career Adapt-Abilities Scale: Construction, Reliability and Measurement Equivalence across 13 Countries. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 80, 661–673. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.011
Serenko, A., Abubakar, A. M., & Bontis, N. (2024). Understanding the drivers of organizational business performance from the human capital perspective. Knowledge and Process Management, 31(1), 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/kpm.1763 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/kpm.1763
Sharon L. Lohr. (2022). Sampling: Design and Analysis (Third Edition). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429296284 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429296284
Shiyuan, Y., Guorong, H., & Juan, C. (2022). Impact of human capital and social capital on employability of Chinese college students under the COVID-19 epidemic — Joint moderating effects of perception reduction of employment opportunities and future career clarity. December. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1046952 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1046952
Siegel, D. S., & Leih, S. (2018). Strategic management theory and universities: An overview of the special issue. doi: 10.1177/1476127017733141. Strategic Organization, 16(1), 6–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127017750776
Sophia, G., & Onen, D. (2024). East African Journal of Education Studies Curriculum Alignment and Graduate Employability: A Comprehensive Exploration at Makerere University. 7(4), 712–727. https://doi.org/10.37284/eajes.7.4.2464 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37284/eajes.7.4.2464
Steven Mintz. (2024). The Learning-Centered University: Making College a More Developmental, Transformational, and Equitable Experience. JHU Press.
Strazzullo, S., Cricelli, L., & Grimaldi, M. (2022). Intellectual capital and R&D performance improvement: the case of Italian public universities. R and D Management. https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12548 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12548
Stronati, C. (2023). The design of upper secondary education across OECD countries: Managing choice, coherence and specialisation. 288, 0–98.
Sultanova, G., Svyatov, S., & Ussenbayev, N. (2018). Transmitting competencies at universities in Kazakhstan: intellectual capital of teachers. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 19(1), 112–134. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-04-2017-0058 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-04-2017-0058
Sutrisno, E. R., Kindangen, P., Sendow, G. M., Bin, A., & Jan, H. (2024). IMPACT OF HUMAN CAPITAL AND STRUCTURAL CAPITAL ON COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE: EVIDENCE FROM INDONESIAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS. 1–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n12-037
Sveiby, K. E. (2001). A knowledge-based theory of the firm to guide strategy formulation. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 2(4), 344–358. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/14691930110409651
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using Multivariate Statistics (7th Edition). Pearson.
Teece, D. J. (2016). Dynamic capabilities and entrepreneurial management in large organizations: Toward a theory of the (entrepreneurial) firm. European Economic Review, 86, 202–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.11.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.11.006
Teece, D. J. (2026). Dynamic Capabilities and Related Paradigms (Vol. 0693). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009232890
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management. In Management Journal (Vol. 18, Issue 7). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199708)18:7<509::AID-SMJ882>3.0.CO;2-Z
Theodore W. Schultz. (1972). The Increasing Economic Value of Human Time. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 54(5), 843–850. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1239227 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1239227
Tholen, G. (2020). Degree power: educational credentialism within three skilled occupations. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 41(3), 283–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2019.1690427 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2019.1690427
Tholen, U. I.-B. and G. (2023). Relative Employability: Applying the Insights of Positional Competition and Conflict Theories Within the Current Higher Education Landscape. In Rethinking Graduate Employability in Context, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20653-5_3 (pp. 51–72). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20653-5_3
Tomlinson, M. (2017a). Forms of graduate capital and their relationship to graduate employability. Education and Training, 59(4), 338–352. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-05-2016-0090 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-05-2016-0090
Tomlinson, M. (2017b). Introduction: Graduate Employability in Context: Charting a Complex, Contested and Multi-Faceted Policy and Research Field. In Graduate Employability in Context (pp. 1–40). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57168-7_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57168-7_1
UBOS. (2023). UGANDA BUREAU OF STATISTICS. STATISTICAL ABSTRACT.
Vélez-rolón, A. M., López, A. P., Méndez-pinzón, M., & Neira-Bermúdez, D. (2021). Closing the academy – Business gap by building intellectual capital in professional formation.
Wahyudi, T., Arisondha, E., Nofianti, N., Widyaningsih, I. U., & Ageng, U. S. (2025). Exploring The Evolution and Impact of Intellectual Capital on Organizational Performance: 3(April), 14–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61754/jutriance.v3i1.136
Wang, Z., Cai, S., Liang, H., Wang, N., & Xiang, E. (2021). Intellectual capital and firm performance: the mediating role of innovation speed and quality. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(6), 1222–1250. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2018.1511611 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2018.1511611
Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A Resource-Based View of the Firm Author ( s ). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250050207
Wondwosen Tamrat. (2022). Graduate Employability and Responsiveness: The Need for Aligning Policy Directions and Institutional Readiness in Ethiopia. In Graduate Employability Across Contexts. (pp. 147–166). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3959-4_8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3959-4_8
Wright, E., & Wei, H. (2022). The changing value of higher education as a currency of opportunity. Asian Education and Development Studies, 11(1), 42–54. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-08-2019-0120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-08-2019-0120
Yamen T. (1973). Statistics: An Introductory Analysis, 3rd Edition, Harper and Row, New York, NY.
Yazdani, S., Majidi, F., Bayazidi, S., & Dehnavi, H. (2022). Entrepreneurial Universities: The Role of Knowledge Service Innovation. Acta Medica Iranica, 60(8), 479–491. https://doi.org/10.18502/acta.v60i8.10832 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/acta.v60i8.10832
Zheng, G., Haq, M. Z. U., Huo, B., Zhang, Y., & Yue, X. (2024). Leveraging intellectual capital for building a supply chain circular economy system: A knowledge-based view. International Journal of Production Economics, 272(109225). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2024.109225

Downloads

Full-text downloads recorded for this article, by month.

No downloads have been recorded for this article yet. Figures appear here once readers begin downloading the full text.

How to Cite

Twinomuhwezi, A., Kamukama, N., & Tushabomwe-Kazooba, C. (2026). Managing the Knowledge Supply Chain: Human capital, Structural Capital and Graduate Employability: Testing Interaction Effects. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 18(1(J), 42-58. https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v18i1(J).4822

Share this article

License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Author (s) should affirm that the material has not been published previously. It has not been submitted and it is not under consideration by any other journal. At the same time author (s) need to execute a publication permission agreement to assume the responsibility of the submitted content and any omissions and errors therein. After submission of revised paper in the light of suggestions of the reviewers, the editorial team edits and formats manuscripts to bring uniformity and standardization in published material.

This work will be licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) and under condition of the license, users are free to read, copy, remix, transform, redistribute, download, print, search or link to the full texts of articles and even build upon their work as long as they credit the author for the original work. Moreover, as per journal policy author (s) hold and retain copyrights without any restrictions.

Managing the Knowledge Supply Chain: Human capital, Structural Capital and Graduate Employability: Testing Interaction Effects

Download the full text

Author

Abstract

Keywords

References

Downloads

How to Cite

Share this article

License

Keywords

Section

Published in

Published

Submissions