Author

  • Alex Twinomuhwezi

    • Department of Procurement and Marketing, Mbarara University of Science & Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
    • Uganda

  • Nixon Kamukama

    • Department of Procurement and Marketing, Mbarara University of Science & Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
    • Uganda

  • Charles Tushabomwe-Kazooba

    • Department of Procurement and Marketing, Mbarara University of Science & Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
    • Uganda

Abstract

This study examines the interaction effect of human and structural capital on graduate employability in public universities in South-Western Uganda, exploring how their combination enhances labor-market outcomes. The study adopted a positivist research paradigm with a quantitative, cross-sectional design. Data were collected from 377 graduates and 122 academic and administrative staff across Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Kabale University, and Mountains of the Moon University using self-administered questionnaires. Human capital was measured through professional competence, social competence, employee motivation, and leadership, while structural capital comprised institutional systems, infrastructure, and culture. Graduate employability was assessed through job acquisition, employment quality, career adaptability, and entrepreneurial success. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Structural Equation Modeling, with interaction effects tested using Hayes’ Process Macro. Human and structural capital both significantly predict graduate employability, accounting for 42.7% of the variance. Inclusion of the interaction term revealed a significant multiplicative effect, indicating that human capital’s impact on employability strengthens as structural capital increases. The results confirm that neither capital alone suffices; their synergy optimizes graduate outcomes, consistent with the knowledge supply chain perspective. Universities should jointly invest in faculty expertise and institutional infrastructure, embed employability skills into curricula, and institutionalize industry partnerships. Policymakers should implement performance-based funding, revise quality assurance frameworks to emphasize employability, and promote university-industry collaboration. This study is the first to empirically test the interactive effects of human and structural capital on graduate employability in Ugandan public universities.

Keywords

References

  • Abelha, M., Fernandes, S., Mesquita, D., Seabra, F., & Ferreira-Oliveira, A. T. (2020). Graduate employability and competence development in higher education: A systematic literature review using PRISMA. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12155900
  • Ahmed, S., Aziz, N. A., Haque, R., Bin, A. R., Senathirajah, S., & Qazi, S. Z. (2024). Digital transformation in Malaysian manufacturing: a study of change sensing and seizing capabilities. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2392046
  • Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Alfawaire, F., & Atan, T. (2021). The Effect of Strategic Human Resource and Knowledge Management on Sustainable Competitive Advantages at Jordanian Universities: The Mediating Role of Organizational Innovation.
  • Ali, M. A., Hussin, N., Haddad, H., Alkhodary, D., & Marei, A. (2021). Dynamic Capabilities and Their Impact on Intellectual Capital and Innovation Performance.
  • Ali, Q. B., Bin Mohd Zin, M. L., & Bin Ismail, S. A. (2022). The Mediating Role of Innovation on The Relationship Between Intellectual Capital and Private Universities' Performance in Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i7/14113
  • Andy Field. (2018). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics (5th Edition). SAGE Publications.
  • Annala, J., Lindén, J., Mäkinen, M., & Henriksson, J. (2023). Understanding academic agency in curriculum change in higher education. 2517. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2021.1881772
  • Araki, S. (2020). Educational Expansion, Skills Diffusion, and the Economic Value of Credentials and Skills. In American Sociological Review (Vol. 85, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122419897873
  • Asiedu, E., Boakye, A. N., Malcalm, E., & Amoah, C. K. (2023). Institutional Strategies and Graduate Employability Development Skills of Business Students: The Mediating Role of Graduate Capital Forms. ICRRD Quality Index Research Journal, 4(3), 157–181. https://doi.org/10.53272/icrrd.v4i3.7
  • Astuti, P. D., Datrini, L. K., & Chariri, A. (2023). Understanding the Antecedents and Consequences of Sustainable Competitive Advantage: Testing Intellectual Capital and Organizational Performance. Economies, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/economies11040120
  • Asumadu, G., Ofori, D., Adomako, S., & Sefa, E. O. (2022). The Two Sides of the Coin of Youth Unemployment: Government and the Unemployed Individual. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 22(24), 133–140. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.9734/AJEBA/2022/v22i24901
  • Barney, J. B., Ketchen, D. J., & Wright, M. (2021). Resource-Based Theory and the Value Creation Framework. Journal of Management, 47(7), 1936–1955.
  • Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120.
  • Barney, J. A. Y. B. (2001). Is the Resource-Based " View " a Useful Perspective for Strategic Management Research??
  • Becker, G. S. (1993). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education (3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226041223.001.0001
  • Behle, H. (2020). Students’ and graduates’ employability. A framework to classify and measure employability gain. Policy Reviews in Higher Education, 4(1), 105–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322969.2020.1712662
  • Bellucci, M., Marzi, G., Orlando, B., & Ciampi, F. (2021). Journal of Intellectual Capital: a review of emerging themes and future trends. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 22(4), 744–767. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-10-2019-0239
  • Beltramino, N. S., García-Pérez-de-Lema, D., & Valdez-Juárez, L. E. (2020). The structural capital, the innovation and the performance of the industrial SMES. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 21(6), 913–945. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-01-2019-0020
  • Boikanyo, D. H. (2025). Structural Capital Management and Knowledge Sharing to Enhance Employee Engagement in the Modern Era.
  • Bontis, N. (2002). There is a price on your head: managing intellectual capital strategically, Business Quarterly, summer, pp.40 – 47.
  • Bontis, N. (1998). Mapping the human capital management research trends using bibliometric analysis. Management Decision, 36(2), 63–76.
  • Bratianu, C., & B. R. (2017). Knowledge strategies for increasing IC of universities.In European Conference on Intangibles and Intellectual Capital (p. 34). Academic Conferences International Limited.
  • Breznitz, S.M., Zhang, Q. (2020). Determinants of graduates’ entrepreneurial activity. Small Bus Econ, 55, 1039–1056. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00171-8
  • Buc??a, G., & Tileag?, C. (2023). The Role of Human Capital in the Universities’ Management Efficiency Process. Land Forces Academy Review, 28(2), 136–147. https://doi.org/10.2478/raft-2023-0017
  • Chavarnakul, T. (2025). ODU Digital Commons: A Systematic Literature Review on Resilient Digital Transformation, Examining How Organizations Sustain Digital Capabilities. 6(2), 687–722.
  • Chigbu, B. I., & Nekhwevha, F. H. (2022). Academic-faculty environment and graduate employability: variation of work-readiness perceptions. Heliyon, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09117
  • Chowdhury, S. A., Sharmin, R., Amin, A.-, & Shifat, N. (2025). Integrating an educational supply chain model in the higher education sector: meeting the 21st-century workforce demands in Bangladesh. April, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1521309
  • Clarke, M. (2018). Rethinking graduate employability: the role of capital, individual attributes and context. Studies in Higher Education, 43(11), 1923–1937. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1294152
  • Cricelli, L., Greco, M., Grimaldi, M., & Llanes Dueñas, L. P. (2018). Intellectual capital and university performance in emerging countries: Evidence from Colombian public universities. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 19(1), 71–95. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-02-2017-0037
  • Damoah, O. B. O., Peprah, A. A., & Brefo, K. O. (2021). Does higher education equip graduate students with the employability skills employers require? The perceptions of employers in Ghana. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 45(10), 1311–1324. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2020.1860204
  • David J. Teece. (2023). The Evolution of the Dynamic Capabilities Framework. Artificiality and Sustainability in Entrepreneurship, FGF Studies in Small Business and Entrepreneurship.
  • de Matos Pedro, E., Alves, H., & Leitão, J. (2022). In search of intangible connections: intellectual capital, performance and quality of life in higher education institutions. Higher Education, 83(2), 243–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00653-9
  • de Matos Pedro, E., Leitão, J., & Alves, H. (2020). Bridging intellectual capital, sustainable development and quality of life in higher education institutions. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020479
  • Dhruba Borah, Khaleel Malik, S. M. (2021). Teaching-focused university–industry collaborations: Determinants and impact on graduates’ employability competencies. Research Policy, 50(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.104172
  • Donald, W. E., Baruch, Y., & Ashleigh, M. J. (2024). Construction and operationalisation of an Employability Capital Growth Model (ECGM) via a systematic literature review (2016–2022). Studies in Higher Education, 49(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2023.2219270
  • Edvinsson, L. and Malone, M. S. (1997). Intellectual Capital: Realizing Your Company’s True Value by Finding Its Hidden Brainpower. Harper Business, New York.
  • Fornell, C. G., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.
  • Friedrich, R. J. (1982). In Defense of Multiplicative Terms in Multiple Regression Equations. American Journal of Political Science, 26(4), 797. https://doi.org/10.2307/2110973
  • Fugate, M., Kinicki, A. J., & Ashforth, B. E. (2004). Employability: A psycho-social construct, its dimensions, and applications. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 14–38.
  • Habib, M., & Jungthirapanich, C. (2009). Integrated educational management for the Universities. In The Journal of China-USA Business Review.USA: David Publishing Company. 8(8), 25–38.
  • Hair, J., Back, W., Babin, B., and Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th edition). Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.
  • Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Hair, J. F. (2019). Rethinking some of the rethinking of partial least squares Rethinking some of the rethinking of partial least squares. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-10-2018-0665
  • Hassan, H., Kamaluddin, A., Saad, S., Haron, N. Q. Aini, Hamzah, N., & Kusumaningtias, R. (2022). Intellectual Capital Performance in Higher Education Institutions: Evidence from Public Universities. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(11), 2176–2191. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i11/15305
  • Hayes, A. F. (2022a). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. The Guilford Press.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2022b). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis. A Regression-Based Approach (Third Edition).
  • Huang, H., Leone, D., Caporuscio, A., & Kraus, S. (2021). Managing intellectual capital in healthcare organizations. A conceptual proposal to promote innovation. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 22(2), 290–310. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-02-2020-0063
  • Ian P. Herbert, Andrew T. Rothwell, Jane L. Glover, S. A. L. (2020). Graduate employability, employment prospects and work-readiness in the changing field of professional work. The International Journal of Management Education, 18(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2020.100378
  • Ibarra-Cisneros, M.A., Reyna, J.B.V. & Hernández-Perlines, F. (2023). Interaction between knowledge management, intellectual capital and innovation in higher education institutions. Education and Information Technologies, 28, 9685–9708. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11563-x
  • Igwe, P. A., Lock, D., & Rugara, D. G. (2022). What factors determine the development of employability skills in Nigerian higher education? Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 59(3), 337–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2020.1850319
  • Ilhamsyah, I., & Purwanto, S. (2025). Army Human Resources Development Strategy through Human Capital Approach. 1(1).
  • International Labour Organization. (2024). World employment and social outlook: Trends 2024. International Labour Organization. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/publications/flagship-reports/world-employment-and-social-outlook-trends-2024.
  • Jackson, D. (2013). Business graduate employability - where are we going wrong? Higher Education Research and Development, 32(5), 776–790. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2012.709832
  • Jackson, D. (2014). Self-assessment of employability skill outcomes among undergraduates and alignment with academic ratings. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 39(1), 53–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2013.792107
  • Jackson, D. (2021). The changing nature of graduate roles and the value of the degree. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 43(2), 182–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2020.1777634
  • James Robson. (2023). Assessing the Contributions of Higher Education Knowledge for a Disordered World. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035307173.00019
  • Jardon, C. M., & Martínez-Cobas, X. (2021). Measuring intellectual capital with financial data. PLoS ONE, 16(5 May), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249989
  • Jessie Koen, Ute-Christine Klehe, Annelies E.M. Van Vianen. (2012). Training career adaptability to facilitate a successful school-to-work transition. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(3), 395–408. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.10.003.
  • John Cresswell, J. D. C. (2019). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/nha3.20258
  • Jose, E. P. (2008). Welcome to the Moderation/Mediation Help Centre, Version 2.0. School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington.
  • Kamukama, N., Ahiauzu, A., & Ntayi, J. M. (2010). Intellectual capital and performance: Testing interaction effects. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 11(4), 554–574. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691931011085687
  • Kato, S., Galán-muros, V., & Weko, T. (2020). The emergence of alternative Credentials: OECD Education Working Paper. 216, 40. https://doi.org/10.1787/b741f39e-en
  • Kero, C. A., & Bogale, A. T. (2023). A Systematic Review of Resource-Based View and Dynamic Capabilities of Firms and Future Research Avenues. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 18(10), 3137–3154. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.181016
  • Kianto, A., Sáenz, J. and Aramburu, N. (2017). Knowledge-based human resource management practices, intellectual capital and innovation. Journal of Business Research, 81, 11–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jbusr es.2017.07.018.
  • Kichuk, Y., Kunchenko-Kharchenko, V., & Hrushchynska, N. (2021). Intellectual Capital of Institutions of Higher Education in the Knowledge Economy. 159–166. https://doi.org/10.22094/JOIE.2020.677844
  • Kozlinska, I., Rebmann, A., & Mets, T. (2023). Entrepreneurial competencies and employment status of business graduates: the role of experiential entrepreneurship pedagogy. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 35(5), 724–761. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2020.1821159
  • Kucharska, W. (2022). Tacit knowledge influence on intellectual capital and innovativeness in the healthcare sector: A cross-country study of Poland and the US. Journal of Business Research, 149(May), 869–883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.05.059
  • Kumaran Rajaram. (2023). Cultural Intelligence in Teaching and Learning. In Learning Intelligence: Innovative and Digital Transformative Learning Strategies (pp. 57–118). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9201-8_2
  • Kusmaryono, I., Wijayanti, D., & Maharani, H. R. (2022). Number of Response Options, Reliability, Validity, and Potential Bias in the Use of the Likert Scale Education and Social Science Research: A Literature Review. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 8(4), 625–637. https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.8.4.625
  • Lan, L., & Shabir, M. (2024). Research progress and prospects on operational excellence of higher education supply chain in the post-pandemic era. 16(4), 1515–1531.
  • Leisa Hassock & Christopher Hill. (2022). Employability and Employment: The Role of Higher Education in a Rapidly Changing World. In Higher Education and Job Employability (10th ed., pp. 155–178). Springer, Cham.
  • Lindberg, M. E. (2007). At the Frontier of Graduate Surveys. Higher Education, 53, 623–644. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-005-1672-4
  • Lynn, M. R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research, 35(6), 382–385. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-198611000-00017
  • Ma’dan, M., Ismail, M. T., & Daud, S. (2020). Strategies to enhance graduate employability: Insights from Malaysian public university policy-makers. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 17(2), 137–165. https://doi.org/10.32890/mjli2020.17.2.5
  • Maqsood Ahmad, Qiang Wu, M. Sualeh K. (2022). Intellectual Capital, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Sustainable Competitive Performance of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Mediating Effects of Organizational Innovation. Kybernetes. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-02-2022-0234
  • Mastercard Foundation. (2025). Young Africa Works - Uganda:
  • Masuwai, A., Zulkifli, H., & Hamzah, M. I. (2024). Evaluation of content validity and face validity of the secondary school Islamic education teacher self- assessment instrument. Cogent Education, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2308410
  • McClelland, G. H. (1993). Statistical difficulties of detecting interactions and moderator effects. Psychol Bull., 14(2), 376-90. https://doi.org/doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.114.2.376. PMID: 8416037.
  • Memon, M. A., Thurasamy, R., Ting, H., & Cheah, J. H. (2025). Purposive Sampling: A Review and Guidelines for Quantitative Research. Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling, 9(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.47263/JASEM.9(1)01
  • Mgaiwa, S. J. (2021). Fostering Graduate Employability: Rethinking Tanzania’s University Practices. SAGE Open, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211006709
  • Mohammad Fawzi Shubita. (2023). The effect of human capital and structural capital on leverage: Evidence from Jordan. 0–10. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.21(3).2023.01
  • Mukaro, C. T., Deka, A., & Rukani, S. (2023). The influence of intellectual capital on organizational performance. Future Business Journal, 9(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-023-00208-1
  • Muna, A., Ausat, A., Bana, T. Al, & Gadzali, S. S. (2023). Basic Capital of Creative Economy: The Role of Intellectual, Social, Cultural, and Institutional Capital. 1(2), 42–54.
  • Ng, P. M. L., Chan, J. K. Y., Wut, T. M., Lo, M. F., & Szeto, I. (2021). What makes better career opportunities for young graduates? Examining acquired employability skills in higher education institutions. Education + Training, 63(6), 852–871. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-08-2020-0231
  • Nwajiuba, C. A., Igwe, P. A., Akinsola-Obatolu, A. D., Ituma, A., & Binuomote, M. O. (2020). What can be done to improve higher education quality and graduate employability in Nigeria? A stakeholder approach. Industry and Higher Education, 34(5), 358–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950422219901102
  • OECD. (2022). OECD Labour Force Statistics 2021, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1787/177e93b9-en.
  • Okolie, U. C., Igwe, P. A., Nwosu, H. E., Eneje, B. C., & Mlanga, S. (2020). Enhancing graduate employability: Why do higher education institutions have problems with teaching generic skills? Policy Futures in Education, 18(2), 294–313. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478210319864824
  • Oliveira, M., Curado, C., Balle, A. R., & Kianto, A. (2020). Knowledge sharing, intellectual capital, and organizational results in SMES: are they related? Journal of Intellectual Capital, 21(6), 893–911. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-04-2019-0077
  • Otermans, P., Small, S., Pereira, M., & Sridharan, P. (2025). Students ’ and graduates ’ perspectives on skill development in higher education. Journal of Education and Work, 00(00), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2025.2576858
  • Pahwa, M., Cavanagh, A., & Vanstone, M. (2023). Key Informants in Applied Qualitative Health Research. Qualitative Health Research, 33(14), 1251–1261. https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323231198796
  • Päivi Siivonen, Ulpukka Isopahkala-Bouret, Michael Tomlinson, M. K. & N. H. (2023). Rethinking Graduate Employability in Context. In Rethinking Graduate Employability in Context. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20653-5
  • Petty, R., & Guthrie, J. (2000). Intellectual capital literature review 155 Intellectual capital literature review Measurement, reporting and management. In Journal of Intellectual Capital (Vol. 1, Issue 2). # MCB University Press. http://www.emerald-library.com
  • Pitan, O. S., & Muller, C. (2019). University reputation and undergraduates’ self-perceived employability: mediating influence of experiential learning activities. Higher Education Research and Development, 38(6), 1269–1284. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2019.1634678
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., and Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of Method Bias in Social Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control It. Annual Review of Psychology,63(1), 539-569. DOI: DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452.
  • Podsakoff, P.M., Mackenzie, S.B. and Lee, J. Y. (2003). Common Method Bias in Behavioral Research: A Review of Literature and Recommended Remedies. Journal of Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
  • Priti Sharma. (2021). A Perceptual Study on the Causal Relationship Between Human Capital and Organizational Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Governance in Cognitive Cities, 2(2).
  • Ramírez, Y., & Gordillo, S. (2014). Recognition and measurement of intellectual capital in Spanish universities. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 15(1), 173–188. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-05-2013-0058
  • Rampa, R., & Agogué, M. (2021). Developing radical innovation capabilities: Exploring the effects of training employees for creativity and innovation. Creativity and Innovation Management, 30(1), 211–227. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12423
  • Rex B. Kline. (2023). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (Fifth Edit).
  • Romano M, Cunningham JA, Cuttone G, Munnia A, N. M. (2025). “Intellectual capital-based research impact management: a strategic approach to increase regional intellectual capital.” Journal of Intellectual Capital, 26(7), 24–42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-04-2024-0115
  • Römgens, I., Scoupe, R., & Beausaert, S. (2020). Unraveling the concept of employability, bringing together research on employability in higher education and the workplace. Studies in Higher Education, 45(12), 2588–2603. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1623770
  • Roshchin, S., & Rudakov, V. (2015). Do Graduates' Wages Measure the Quality of Education?? A Review of Existing Studies.
  • Salinas-Ávila, J., Abreu-Ledón, R., & Tamayo-Arias, J. (2020). Intellectual capital and knowledge generation: an empirical study from Colombian public universities. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 21(6), 1053–1084. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-09-2019-0223
  • Saunders, M.N.K., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2019). Research methods for business students (Eighth edition). London: Pearson.
  • Savickas, M.L. and Porfeli, E. J. (2012). Career Adapt-Abilities Scale: Construction, Reliability and Measurement Equivalence across 13 Countries. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 80, 661–673. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.012
  • Serenko, A., Abubakar, A. M., & Bontis, N. (2024). Understanding the drivers of organizational business performance from the human capital perspective. Knowledge and Process Management, 31(1), 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/kpm.1763
  • Sharon L. Lohr. (2022). Sampling: Design and Analysis (Third Edition). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429296284
  • Shiyuan, Y., Guorong, H., & Juan, C. (2022). Impact of human capital and social capital on employability of Chinese college students under the COVID-19 epidemic — Joint moderating effects of perception reduction of employment opportunities and future career clarity. December. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1046952
  • Siegel, D. S., & Leih, S. (2018). Strategic management theory and universities: An overview of the special issue. doi: 10.1177/1476127017733141. Strategic Organization, 16(1), 6–11.
  • Sophia, G., & Onen, D. (2024). East African Journal of Education Studies Curriculum Alignment and Graduate Employability: A Comprehensive Exploration at Makerere University. 7(4), 712–727. https://doi.org/10.37284/eajes.7.4.2464
  • Steven Mintz. (2024). The Learning-Centered University: Making College a More Developmental, Transformational, and Equitable Experience. JHU Press.
  • Strazzullo, S., Cricelli, L., & Grimaldi, M. (2022). Intellectual capital and R&D performance improvement: the case of Italian public universities. R and D Management. https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12548
  • Stronati, C. (2023). The design of upper secondary education across OECD countries: Managing choice, coherence and specialisation. 288, 0–98.
  • Sultanova, G., Svyatov, S., & Ussenbayev, N. (2018). Transmitting competencies at universities in Kazakhstan: intellectual capital of teachers. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 19(1), 112–134. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-04-2017-0058
  • Sutrisno, E. R., Kindangen, P., Sendow, G. M., Bin, A., & Jan, H. (2024). IMPACT OF HUMAN CAPITAL AND STRUCTURAL CAPITAL ON COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE: EVIDENCE FROM INDONESIAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS. 1–29.
  • Sveiby, K. E. (2001). A knowledge-based theory of the firm to guide strategy formulation. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 2(4), 344–358.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using Multivariate Statistics (7th Edition). Pearson.
  • Teece, D. J. (2016). Dynamic capabilities and entrepreneurial management in large organizations: Toward a theory of the (entrepreneurial) firm. European Economic Review, 86, 202–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.11.006
  • Teece, D. J. (2026). Dynamic Capabilities and Related Paradigms (Vol. 0693).
  • Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management. In Management Journal (Vol. 18, Issue 7).
  • Theodore W. Schultz. (1972). The Increasing Economic Value of Human Time. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 54(5), 843–850. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1239227
  • Tholen, G. (2020). Degree power: educational credentialism within three skilled occupations. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 41(3), 283–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2019.1690427
  • Tholen, U. I.-B. and G. (2023). Relative Employability: Applying the Insights of Positional Competition and Conflict Theories Within the Current Higher Education Landscape. In Rethinking Graduate Employability in Context, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20653-5_3 (pp. 51–72).
  • Tomlinson, M. (2017a). Forms of graduate capital and their relationship to graduate employability. Education and Training, 59(4), 338–352. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-05-2016-0090
  • Tomlinson, M. (2017b). Introduction: Graduate Employability in Context: Charting a Complex, Contested and Multi-Faceted Policy and Research Field. In Graduate Employability in Context (pp. 1–40). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57168-7_1
  • UBOS. (2023). UGANDA BUREAU OF STATISTICS. STATISTICAL ABSTRACT.
  • Vélez-rolón, A. M., López, A. P., Méndez-pinzón, M., & Neira-Bermúdez, D. (2021). Closing the academy – Business gap by building intellectual capital in professional formation.
  • Wahyudi, T., Arisondha, E., Nofianti, N., Widyaningsih, I. U., & Ageng, U. S. (2025). Exploring The Evolution and Impact of Intellectual Capital on Organizational Performance: 3(April), 14–34.
  • Wang, Z., Cai, S., Liang, H., Wang, N., & Xiang, E. (2021). Intellectual capital and firm performance: the mediating role of innovation speed and quality. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(6), 1222–1250. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2018.1511611
  • Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A Resource-Based View of the Firm Author ( s ).
  • Wondwosen Tamrat. (2022). Graduate Employability and Responsiveness: The Need for Aligning Policy Directions and Institutional Readiness in Ethiopia. In Graduate Employability Across Contexts. (pp. 147–166). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3959-4_8
  • Wright, E., & Wei, H. (2022). The changing value of higher education as a currency of opportunity. Asian Education and Development Studies, 11(1), 42–54. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-08-2019-0120
  • Yamen T. (1973). Statistics: An Introductory Analysis, 3rd Edition, Harper and Row, New York, NY.
  • Yazdani, S., Majidi, F., Bayazidi, S., & Dehnavi, H. (2022). Entrepreneurial Universities: The Role of Knowledge Service Innovation. Acta Medica Iranica, 60(8), 479–491. https://doi.org/10.18502/acta.v60i8.10832
  • Zheng, G., Haq, M. Z. U., Huo, B., Zhang, Y., & Yue, X. (2024). Leveraging intellectual capital for building a supply chain circular economy system: A knowledge-based view. International Journal of Production Economics, 272(109225).

Downloads

No downloads have been recorded for this article yet. Figures appear here once readers begin downloading the full text.

How to Cite

Twinomuhwezi, A., Kamukama, N., & Tushabomwe-Kazooba, C. (2026). Managing the Knowledge Supply Chain: Human capital, Structural Capital and Graduate Employability: Testing Interaction Effects. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 18(1(J), 42-58. https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v18i1(J).4822

Share this article

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Alex Twinomuhwezi, Nixon Kamukama, Charles Tushabomwe-Kazooba (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Author (s) should affirm that the material has not been published previously. It has not been submitted and it is not under consideration by any other journal. At the same time author (s) need to execute a publication permission agreement to assume the responsibility of the submitted content and any omissions and errors therein. After submission of revised paper in the light of suggestions of the reviewers, the editorial team  edits and formats manuscripts to bring uniformity and standardization in published material.

This work will be licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) and under condition of the license, users are free to read, copy, remix, transform, redistribute, download, print, search or link to the full texts of articles and even build upon their work as long as they credit the author for the original work. Moreover, as per journal policy author (s) hold and retain copyrights without any restrictions.

Keywords

Section

Research Paper

Published in

Vol. 18 No. 1(J) (2026) Health, Trade & Talent Management View issue contents

Published

2026-03-31

Submissions

Have research to publish? Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies welcomes submissions.

Make a Submission